CYFLUTHRIN
Human Health Effects:
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
Recently, synthetic pyrethroids have been shown to elicit cutaneous paresthesias in
workers handling this insecticide. /Pyrethroids/
The allergenic properties of pyrethroids /with early pyrethrum preparations/ are marked
in comparison with other pesticides. Many cases of contact dermatitis and respiratory
allergy have been reported. Persons sensitive to ragweed pollen are particularly prone to
such reactions. Preparations containing synthetic pyrethroids are less likely to cause
allergic reactions than are the preparations made from pyrethrum powder. /Pyrethroids/
There have been very few systemic poisonings of humans by pyrethroids. /Pyrethroids/
Pyrethroids are not cholinesterase inhibitors. /Pyrethroids/
Extraordinary absorbed doses may rarely cause incoordination, tremor, salivation,
vomiting, diarrhea, and irritability to sound and touch. /Pyrethroids/
Some pyrethroid (eg, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin,
flucythrinate, and cypermethrin) may cause a transient itching and/or burning sensation in
exposed human skin. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Immediately irritating to the eye. /Pyrethrum/
The chief effect from exposure ... is skin rash particularly on moist areas of the
skin. ... May irritate the eyes.
Medical Surveillance:
Initial medical screening: Employees should be screened for history of certain medical
conditions ... which might place the employee at increased risk from /pyrethroid/
exposure. Chronic respiratory disease: In persons with chronic respiratory disease,
especially asthma, the inhalation of /pyrethroids/ might cause exacerbation of symptoms
due to its sensitizing properities. Skin disease: /Pyrethroids/ can cause dermatitis which
may be allergic in nature. Persons with pre-existing skin disorders may be more
susceptible to the effects of this agent. Any employee developing the above-listed
conditions should be referred for further medical examination. /Pyrethrum/
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Occupational exposure to cyfluthrin may occur
through dermal contact at facilities where this compound is produced or used. The general
population may be exposed to cyfluthrin through
dermal contact with this compound. (SRC)
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
| EMT Copyright Disclaimer: |
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replication or redistribution of all or part of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation
of Micromedex' copyrights and is strictly prohibited. The following Overview, *** PYRETHRINS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical. |
| Life Support: |
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
|
| Clinical Effects: |
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o The mammalian toxicity of natural pyrethrins is
generally low. Very young children are perhaps more
susceptible to poisoning because they may not hydrolyze
the pyrethrum esters efficiently. In humans, allergic
reactions are the main toxic manifestations of
pyrethrin exposure.
1. Pyrethrum and the pyrethrins produce typical type I
motor symptoms in mammals. Severe type I poisoning
may include the following signs in humans:
Severe fine tremor
Marked reflex hyperexcitability
Sympathetic activation
Paresthesia (dermal exposure)
o DERMAL - These compounds are not primary irritants.
The chief effect, however, from exposure is dermatitis.
The usual lesion is a mild erythematous dermatitis with
vesicles, papules in moist areas, and intense pruritus;
a bulbous dermatitis may also occur. Pyrethrins can
cause allergic dermatitis and systemic allergic
reactions.
o INHALATION is the major route of exposure, with airway
irritation as the primary toxic effect. Following
inhalation, a stuffy, runny nose and scratchy throat
are common. Hypersensitivity reactions including
wheezing, sneezing, shortness of breath and
bronchospasm may be noted.
o OCULAR - Eye exposures may result in mild to severe
corneal damage that generally resolves with
conservative care.
o Piperonyl butoxide and other compounds are often added
to pyrethrin insecticides as synergists and may
contribute to toxicity.
o Synthetic pyrethroids, which are related to pyrethrins,
are covered in a separate management.
HEENT
0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o A stuffy, runny nose and scratchy throat following
inhalational exposure may be noted.
o Eye exposures may result in mild to severe corneal
damage, decreased visual acuity and periorbital edema.
CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Hypotension and tachycardia, associated with
anaphylaxis, may occur.
RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Hypersensitivity reactions characterized by
pneumonitis, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, chest pain, and
bronchospasm may occur. Rare cases of respiratory
failure and cardiopulmonary arrest have been reported.
NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Paresthesias, headaches, and dizziness are common.
Massive exposure may result in hyperexcitability and
seizures, but this is rare.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain commonly occur and
develop within 10 to 60 minutes following ingestion.
DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Irritant and contact dermatitis may develop. Erythema
which mimics sunburn has also been noted after
prolonged repeated exposure.
ENDOCRINE
0.2.16.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Type I motor symptoms following severe poisoning may
result in sympathetic activation.
IMMUNOLOGIC
0.2.19.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Sudden bronchospasm, swelling of oral and laryngeal
mucous membranes, and anaphylactoid reactions have been
reported after pyrethrum inhalation. Hypersensitivity
pneumonitis characterized by cough, shortness of
breath, chest pain, and bronchospasm may be noted.
GENOTOXICITY
o Pyrethrum is not mutagenic in bacterial reversion tests
(Ray, 1991).
|
| Laboratory: |
o Pyrethrin plasma levels are not clinically useful or
readily available.
o Monitor for allergic responses such as asthma or contact
dermatitis.
|
| Treatment Overview: |
ORAL EXPOSURE
o There is no specific antidote for pyrethrin poisoning.
Treatment is symptomatic and supportive and includes
monitoring for the development of hypersensitivity
reactions with respiratory distress. Provide adequate
airway management when needed. Gastric decontamination
is usually not required unless the pyrethrin product is
combined with a hydrocarbon.
o ALLERGIC REACTION: MILD: antihistamines with or
without epinephrine. SEVERE: oxygen, aggressive
airway management, antihistamines, epinephrine (ADULT:
0.3 to 0.5 mL of a 1:1000 solution subcutaneously;
CHILD: 0.01 mL/kg; may repeat in 20 to 30 min),
corticosteroids, ECG monitoring, and IV fluids.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and
assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with
beta2 agonist and corticosteroid aerosols.
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
o Vitamin E topical application is highly effective in
relieving paresthesias.
|
| Range of Toxicity: |
o The minimal lethal dose of pyrethrum is not established,
but is probably in the range of 10 to 100 grams.
o Hypersensitivity reactions may be noted, especially
following a chronic dermal or inhalation exposure.
Patients with underlying asthma may be predisposed to
severe bronchospastic reactions after exposure.
|
Antidote and Emergency Treatment:
No specific antidote known. Symptomatic treatment.
Treatment is supportive, and most casual exposures require only decontamination.
Topical vitamin E may ameliorate the paresthesias that accompany contact with synthetic
pyrethroids containing an alpha-cyano group (e.g., fenvalerate, cypermethrin,
flucythrinate). /Synthetic pyrethroids/
To minimize absorption of pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide following ingestion,
gastric lavage should be performed immediately and saline cathartics administered.
Treatment of overdosage mainly involves symptomatic and supportive care. /Pyrethrins/
Skin contamination should be removed by washing with soap and water. If irritant or
paresthetic effects occur, treatment by a physician should be obtained. Because /vapor
exposure/ of pyrethroid apparently accounts for paresthesia affecting the face, strenuous
measures should be taken (ventilation, protective face mask and hood) to avoid vapor
contact with the face and eyes. Vitamin E Oil preparations (dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate)
are uniquely effective in preventing and stopping the paresthetic reaction. They are safe
for application to the skin under field conditions. Corn oil is somewhat effective, but
possible side effects with continuing use make it less suitable. Vaseline is less
effective than corn oil and zinc oxide actually worsens the reaction. /Pyrethroids/
Eye contamination should be treated immediately by prolonged flushing of the eye with
copious amounts of clean water or saline. If irritation persists, professional
ophthalmologic care should be obtained. ... Extraordinary measures should be taken to
avoid eye and skin contamination with this product. Should accidental eye contamination
occur, expert ophthalmologic care should be obtained after flushing the eye free of the
chemical with copious amounts of clean water. /Pyrethroids/
Ingestion of pyrethroid insecticide presents relatively little risk. However, if large
amounts have been ingested, empty the stomach by intubation, aspiration, and lavage. Based
on observations in laboratory animals, large ingestions of either allethrin, cismethrin,
fenvalerate or deltamethrin would be the most likely to generate neurotoxic
manifestations. /Pyrethroids/
If only small amounts of pyrethroid have been ingested, or if treatment has been
delayed, oral administration of activated charcoal and cathartic probably represents
optimal management. /Pyrethroids/
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
Non-irritating to skin, but a primary eye irritant (rabbits).
In 2 yr feeding trials, no effect level for rats was 50, mice 200 mg/kg diet;
non-carcinogenic and non-teratogenic in rats, and non-mutagenic in in vitro and in vivo
tests.
Non-toxic to bees (depending on mode of application).
The type II pyrethroids /including cyfluthrin/
produce a complex poisoning syndrome and act on a wide range of tissues. They give sodium
tail currents with relatively long time constants, which may be the reason for their
ability to act on the whole range of excitable tissues. Type II poisoning in rats involves
progressive development of nosing and exaggerated jaw opening similar to that seen in
response to an irritant placed on the tongue, salivation which may be profuse, increasing
extensor tone in the hind limbs causing a rolling gait, incoordination progressing to a
very coarse tremor, choreoform movements of the limbs and tail often precipitated by
sensory stimuli, generalized choreoathetosis (writhing spasms), tonic seizures, apnea, and
death. At lower doses more subtle repetitive behavior is seen. In dogs, similar symptoms
are seen but salivation and upper airway hypersecretion and gastrointestinal symptoms are
more prominent.
Cyfluthrin is extremely toxic to fish and
aquatic organisms but is practically non-toxic to upland game birds and waterfowl.
Synthetic pyrethroids are neuropoisons acting on the axons in the peripheral and
central nervous systems by interacting with sodium channels in mammals and/or insects. A
single dose produces toxic signs in mammals, such as tremors, hyperexcitability,
salivation, choreoathetosis, and paralysis. ... At near-lethal dose levels, synthetic
pyrethroids cause transient changes in the nervous system, such as axonal swelling and/or
breaks and myelin degeneration in sciatic nerves. They are not considered to cause delayed
neurotoxicity of the kind induced by some organophosphorus compounds. /Synthetic
prethroids/
Extreme doses /of pyrethroids/ have caused convulsions in laboratory animals.
/Pyrethroids/
Synthetic pyrethroids have been shown to be toxic for fish, aquatic arthropods, and
honeybees in laboratory tests. But, in practical usage, no serious adverse effects have
been noticed because of the low rates of application and lack of persistence in the
environment. The toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids in birds and domestic animals is low.
/Synthetic pyrethroids/
The Type II /poisoning/ syndrome, also known as the "CS syndrome," is
produced by those esters containing the alpha-cyano substituent and elicits intense
hyperactivity, incoordination, and convulsions in cockroaches, whereas rats display
burrowing behavior, coarse tremors, clonic seizures, sinuous writhing (choreoathetosis),
and profuse salivation without lacrimation; hence the term CS (choreoathetosis/salivation)
syndrome. /Pyrethroid esters containing the alpha-cyano substituent/
The in vitro effects of pyrethroids on the mitogenic responsiveness of murine splenic
lymphocytes to concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide were determined. Allethrin was the
most potent inhibitor, with effective concn in the range of 1X10-6 to 1.5X10-5 M. The
results support the possibility of immune suppression by pyrethroid exposure.
/Pyrethroids/
Following absorption through the chitinous exoskeleton of arthropods, pyrethrins
stimulate the nervous system, apparently by competitively interfering with cationic
conductances in the lipid layer of nerve cells, thereby blocking nerve impulse
transmissions. Paralysis and death follow. /Pyrethrins/
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Rat male oral 500-800 mg/kg, and in female rat 1,200 mg/kg
LD50 Mouse male oral 300 mg/kg, and in female mouse 600 mg/kg
LD50 Rat oral circa 500 mg/kg (in polyethyleneglycol)
LD50 Rat oral circa 270 mg/kg (in xylene)
LD50 Mouse oral circa 140 mg/kg
LD50 Rat percutaneous (24 hr) >5,000 mg/kg
LC50 Rat inhalation circa 0.1 mg/L/4 hr (aerosol)
LC50 Rat inhalation 0.53 mg/L/4 hr (dust)
NOEL Rat 125 mg/kg diet /90-day trial/
NOEL Dog 60 mg/kg diet /90-day trial/
Ecotoxicity Values:
LC50 Golden orfe 330.9 ng/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
LC50 Rainbow trout 89 ng/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
LC50 Carp 0.022 mg/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
LC50 Bluegill sunfish 28 ng/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
LD50 Japanese quail oral >2,000 mg/kg
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism/Metabolites:
The metabolic pathways for the breakdown of the pyrethroids vary little between
mammalian species but vary somewhat with structure. ... Essentially, pyrethrum and
allethrin are broken down mainly by oxidation of the isobutenyl side chain of the acid
moiety and of the unsaturated side chain of the alcohol moiety with ester hydrolysis
playing and important part, whereas for the other pyrethroids ester hydrolysis
predominates. /Pyrethrum and pyrethroids/
The relative resistance of mammals to the pyrethroids is almost wholly attributable to
their ability to hydrolyze the pyrethroids rapidly to their inactive acid and alcohol
components, since direct injection into the mammalian CNS leads to a susceptibility
similar to that seen in insects. Some additional resistance of homeothermic organisms can
also be attributed to the negative temperature coefficient of action of the pyrethroids,
which are thus less toxic at mammalian body temperatures, but the major effect is
metabolic. Metabolic disposal of the pyrethroids is very rapid, which means that toxicity
is high by the intravenous route, moderate by slower oral absorption, and often
unmeasureably low by dermal absorption. /Pyrethroids/
FASTEST BREAKDOWN IS SEEN WITH PRIMARY ALCOHOL ESTERS OF TRANS-SUBSTITUTED ACIDS SINCE
THEY UNDERGO RAPID HYDROLYTIC & OXIDATIVE ATTACK. FOR ALL SECONDARY ALCOHOL ESTERS
& FOR PRIMARY ALCOHOL CIS-SUBSTITUTED CYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLATES, OXIDATIVE ATTACK IS
PREDOMINANT. /PYRETHROIDS/
Pyrethrins are reportedly inactivated in the GI tract following ingestion. In animals,
pyrethrins are rapidly metabolized to water soluble, inactive compounds. /Pyrethrins/
Synthetic pyrethroids are generally metabolized in mammals through ester hydrolysis,
oxidation, and conjugation, and there is no tendency to accumulate in tissues. In the
environment, synthetic pyrethroids are fairly rapidly degraded in soil and in plants.
Ester hydrolysis and oxidation at various sites on the molecule are the major degradation
processes. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
/PYRETHROIDS/ READILY PENETRATE INSECT CUTICLE AS SHOWN BY TOPICAL LD50 TO PERIPLANETA
(COCKROACH) ... /PYRETHROIDS/
WHEN RADIOACTIVE PYRETHROID IS ADMIN ORALLY TO MAMMALS, IT IS ABSORBED FROM INTESTINAL
TRACT OF THE ANIMALS & DISTRIBUTED IN EVERY TISSUE EXAMINED. EXCRETION OF
RADIOACTIVITY IN RATS ADMIN TRANS-ISOMER: DOSAGE: 500 MG/KG; INTERVAL 20 DAYS; URINE 36%;
FECES 64%; TOTAL 100%. /PYRETHROIDS/
Pyrethrins are absorbed through intact skin when applied topically. When animals were
exposed to aerosols of pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide being released into the air,
little or none of the combination was systemically absorbed. /Pyrethrins/
Although limited absorption may account for the low toxicity of some pyrethroids, rapid
biodegradation by mammalian liver enzymes (ester hydrolysis and oxidation) is probably the
major factor responsible. Most pyrethroid metabolites are promptly excreted, at least in
part, by the kidney. /Pyrethroids/
In animals, beta-cyfluthrin was largely and
very quickly eliminated; 98% was eliminated after 48 hr via the urine and the feces.
Mechanism of Action:
The synthetic pyrethroids delay closure of the sodium channel, resulting in a sodium
tail current that is characterized by a slow influx of sodium during the end of
depolarization. Apparently the pyrethroid molecule holds the activation gate in the open
position. Pyrethroids with an alpha-cyano group (e.g., fenvalerate) produce more prolonged
sodium tail currents than do other pyrethroids (e.g., permethrin, bioresmethrin). The
former group of pyrethroids causes more cutaneous sensations than the latter. /Synthetic
pyrethroids/
Interaction with sodium channels is not the only mechanism of action proposed for the
pyrethroids. Their effects on the central nervous system have led various workers to
suggest actions via antagonism of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition,
modulation of nicotinic cholinergic transmission, enhancement of noradrenaline release, or
actions on calcium ions. Since neurotransmitter specific pharmacological agents offer only
poor or partical protection against poisoning, it is unlikely that one of these effects
represents the primary mechanism of action of the pyrethroids, and most neurotransmitter
release is secondary to increased sodium entry. /Pyrethroids/
The symptoms of pyrethrin poisoning follow the typical pattern of nerve poisoning: (1)
excitation, (2) convulsions, (3) paralysis, and (4) death. The effects of pyrethrins on
the insect nervous system closely resemble those of DDT, but are apparently much less
persistent. Regular, rhythmic, and spontaneous nerve discharges have been observed in
insect and crustacean nerve-muscle preparations poisoned with pyrethrins. The primary
target of pyrethrins seems to be the ganglia of the insect central nervous system although
some pyrethrin-poisoning effect can be observed in isolated legs. /Pyrethrins/
Electrophysiologically, pyrethrins cause repetitive discharges and conduction block.
/Pyrethrins/
The interaction of a series of pyrethroid insecticides with the sodium channels in
myelinated nerve fibers of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, was investigated using the
voltage clamp technique. Of 11 pyrethroids, 9 insecticidally active cmpd induced a slowly
decaying sodium tail current on termination of a step depolarization, whereas the sodium
current during depolarization was hardly affected. /Pyrethroids/
The biochemical process by which various pyrethroid insecticides alter membrane-bound
ATPase activities of the squid nervous system was examined. Of the 5 ATP-hydrolyzing
systems tested, only Ca(2+)-stimulated ATPase activities were clearly affected by the
pyrethroids. The natural type /I/ pyrethroid, allethrin, primarily inhibits Ca-ATPase
activity. /Pyrethroids/
Mode of action of pyrethrum & related cmpd has been studied more in insects &
in other invertebrates than in mammals. This action involves ion transport through the
membrane of nerve axons &, at least in invertebrates & lower vertebrates, it
exhibits a negative temperature coefficient. In both of these important ways & in many
details, the mode of action of pyrethrin & pyrethroids resembles that of DDT.
Esterases & mixed-function oxidase system differ in their relative importance for
metabolizing different synthetic pyrethroids. The same may be true of the constituents of
pyrethrum, depending on strain, species, & other factors. /Pyrethrins and pyrethroids/
The interactions of natural pyrethrins and 9 pyrethroids with the nicotinic
acetylcholine (ACh) receptor/channel complex of Torpedo electronic organ membranes were
studied. None reduced (3)H-ACh binding to the receptor sites, but all inhibited
(3)H-labeled perhydrohistrionicotoxin binding to the channel sites in presence of
carbamylcholine. Allethrin inhibited binding noncompetitively, but (3)H-labeled imipramine
binding competitively, suggesting that allethrin binds to the receptor's channel sites
that bind imipramine. The pyrethroids were divided into 2 types according to their action:
type A, which included allethrin, was more potent in inhibiting (3)H-H12-HTX binding and
acted more rapidly. Type B, which included permethrin, was less potent and their potency
increased slowly with time. The high affinities that several pyrethroids have for this
nicotinic ACh receptor suggest that pyrethroids may have a synaptic site of action in
addition to their well known effects on the axonal channels. /Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids/
... Pyrethroid esters /containing the alpha-cyano substituent/ produce an even longer
delay /than those lacking the substituent/ in sodium channel inactivation, leading to a
persistent depolarization of the nerve membrane without repetitive discharge, a reduction
in the amplitude of the action potential, and an eventual failure of axonal conduction and
a blockade of impulses. /Pyrethroid esters containing the alpha-cyano substituent/
The primary target site of pyrethroid insecticides in the vertebrate nervous system is
the sodium channel in the nerve membrane. Pyrethroids without an alpha-cyano group
(allethrin, d-phenothrin, permethrin, and cismethrin) cause a moderate prolongation of the
transient increase in sodium permeability of the nerve membrane during excitation. This
results in relatively short trains of repetitive nerve impulses in sense organs, sensory
(afferent) nerve fibers, and, in effect, nerve terminals. On the other hand the
alpha-cyano pyrethroids cause a long lasting prolongation of the transient increase in
sodium permeability of the nerve membrane during excitation. This results in long-lasting
trains of repetitive impulses in sense organs and a frequency-dependent depression of the
nerve impulse in nerve fibers. The difference in effects between permethrin and
cypermethrin, which have identical molecular structures except for the presence of an
alpha-cyano group on the phenoxybenzyl alcohol, indicates that it is this alpha-cyano
group that is responsible for the long-lasting prolongation of the sodium permeability.
Since the mechanisms responsible for nerve impulse generation and conduction are basically
the same throughout the entire nervous system, pyrethroids may also induce repetitive
activity in various parts of the brain. The difference in symptoms of poisoning by
alpha-cyano pyrethroids, compared with the classical pyrethroids, is not necessarily due
to an exclusive central site of action. It may be related to the long-lasting repetitive
activity in sense organs and possibly in other parts of the nervous system, which, in a
more advance state of poisoning, may be accompanied by a frequency-dependent depression of
the nervous impulse. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
Pyrethroids also cause pronounced repetitive activity and a prolongation of the
transient increase in sodium permeability of the nerve membrane in insects and other
invertebrates. Available information indicates that the sodium channel in the nerve
membrane is also the most important target site of pyrethroids in the invertebrate nervous
system. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
In the electrophysiological experiments using giant axons of cray-fish, the Type II
pyrethroids retain sodium channels in a modified continuous open state persistently,
depolarize the membrane, and block the action potential without causing repetitive firing.
/Pyrethroids type II/
Diazepam, which facilitates GABA reaction, delayed the onset of action of deltamethrin
and fenvalertae, but not permethrin and allethrin, in both the mouse and cockroach.
Possible mechanisms of the Type II pyrethroid syndrome include action at the GABA receptor
complex or a closely linked class of neuroreceptor. /Pyrethroids type II/
Non-systemic insecticide with contact and stomach action. Acts on the nervous system,
with rapid knockdown and long residual activity.
Interactions:
/Pyrethroid/ detoxification ... important in flies, may be delayed by the addition of
synergists ... organophosphates or carbamates ... to guarantee a lethal effect. ...
/Pyrethroid/
Piperonyl butoxide potentiates /insecticidal activity/ of pyrethrins by inhibiting the
hydrolytic enzymes responsible for pyrethrins' metabolism in arthropods. When piperonyl
butoxide is combined with pyrethrins, the insecticidal activity of the latter drug is
increased 2-12 times /Pyrethrins/
At dietary level of 1000 ppm pyrethrins & 10000 ppm piperonyl butoxide ...
/enlargement, margination, & cytoplasmic inclusions in liver cells of rats/ were well
developed in only 8 days, but ... were not maximal. Changes were proportional to dosage
& similar to those produced by DDT. Effects of the 2 ... were additive. /Pyrethrins/
Pharmacology:
Therapeutic Uses:
Pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide are used for topical treatment of pediculosis (lice
infestations). Combinations of pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide are not effective for
treatment of scabies (mite infestations). Although there are no well-controlled
comparative studies, many clinicians consider 1% lindane to be pediculicide of choice.
However, some clinicians recommend use of pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide, esp in
infants, young children, & pregnant or lactating women ... . If used correctly, 1-3
treatments ... are usually 100% effective ... Oil based (eg, petroleum distillate)
combinations ... produce the quickest results. ... For treatment of pediculosis, enough
gel, shampoo, or solution ... should be applied to cover affected hair & adjacent
areas ... After 10 min, hair is ... washed thoroughly ... treatment should be repeated
after 7-10 days to kill any newly hatched lice. /Pyrethrins/
Interactions:
/Pyrethroid/ detoxification ... important in flies, may be delayed by the addition of
synergists ... organophosphates or carbamates ... to guarantee a lethal effect. ...
/Pyrethroid/
Piperonyl butoxide potentiates /insecticidal activity/ of pyrethrins by inhibiting the
hydrolytic enzymes responsible for pyrethrins' metabolism in arthropods. When piperonyl
butoxide is combined with pyrethrins, the insecticidal activity of the latter drug is
increased 2-12 times /Pyrethrins/
At dietary level of 1000 ppm pyrethrins & 10000 ppm piperonyl butoxide ...
/enlargement, margination, & cytoplasmic inclusions in liver cells of rats/ were well
developed in only 8 days, but ... were not maximal. Changes were proportional to dosage
& similar to those produced by DDT. Effects of the 2 ... were additive. /Pyrethrins/
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
Cyfluthrin's production and use as an
insecticide may result in its release to the environment through a variety of waste
streams. Based on an experimental vapor pressure of 2.0X10-9 mm Hg at 25 deg C, cyfluthrin is expected to exist primarily in the
particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate phase cyfluthrin
may be physically removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Volatilization
from moist soil surfaces is not expected based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of
5.8X10-10 atm-cu m/mol. Cyfluthrin is expected
to be immobile in soils based upon a measured Koc value of 33,800. Volatilization from dry
soil surfaces is not expected based upon the vapor pressure of this compound.
Biodegradation is expected to be an important environmental fate process for this
compound. The initial products of cyfluthrin
anaerobic biodegradation are 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxcylic acid
and 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid. In water, cyfluthrin
is expected to adsorb to sediment or particulate matter based on its experimental Koc
value. This compound is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces given its estimated
Henry's Law constant. Photolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate process
for cyfluthrin. An experimental half-life of 16
hours was measured for cyfluthrin in aqueous
solution when irradiated with light at environmentally significant wavelengths. A measured
BCF value of 400 was obtained for cypermethrin, an insecticide which is structurally
similar to cyfluthrin. The potential for
bioconcentration of cyfluthrin in aquatic
organisms is considered high based on the measured BCF value of cypermethrin. The general
population may be exposed to cyfluthrin through
dermal contact with this compound where it is used as an insecticide. (SRC)
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Occupational exposure to cyfluthrin may occur
through dermal contact at facilities where this compound is produced or used. The general
population may be exposed to cyfluthrin through
dermal contact with this compound. (SRC)
Artificial Pollution Sources:
Cyfluthrin's production and use as an
insecticide(1) will result in its release to the environment through a variety of waste
streams(SRC).
Environmental Fate:
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an experimental Koc
value of 33,800(2), indicates that cyfluthrin
will have no mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of cyfluthrin
is not expected from moist soil surfaces(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of
5.8X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), determined from an experimental vapor pressure of 2.0X10-9
mm Hg at 25 deg C(3) and water solubility of 2.0 mg/l at 25 deg C(4). Volatilization from
dry soil surfaces is not expected based upon the vapor pressure of this compound(SRC).
Biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process for this compound(3,5,SRC).
Over 90% biodegradation was observed under anaerobic soil conditions during a 140 day
incubation period(5). The initial products of cyfluthrin
anaerobic biodegradation are 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxcylic acid
and 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid(5). Photolysis is expected to be an important
environmental fate process for cyfluthrin(6,SRC).
An experimental half-life of 16 hours was determined for cyfluthrin
in aqueous solution when irradiated with light at environmentally significant
wavelengths(6). Approximately 75% photodegradation was observed for cyfluthrin
applied to cotton fabrics when irradiated with a lamp designed to simulate 96 hours of
natural sunlight(7).
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), a measured Koc value of
33,800(2), indicates that cyfluthrin is expected
to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Cyfluthrin
is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3,SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law
constant of 5.8X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), determined from an experimental vapor pressure
of 2.0X10-9 mm Hg at 25 deg C(4) and water solubility of 2.0 mg/l at 25 deg C(5).
Biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process for this compound(4,6,SRC).
Over 90% biodegradation was observed under anaerobic soil conditions during a 140 day
incubation period(6). The initial products of cyfluthrin
anaerobic biodegradation are 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxcylic acid
and 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid(6). Photolysis is expected to be an important
environmental fate process for cyfluthrin(7,SRC).
An experimental half-life of 16 hours was measured for cyfluthrin
in aqueous solution when irradiated with light at environmentally significant
wavelengths(7). A measured BCF value of 400 was obtained for cypermethrin, an insecticide
which is structurally similar to cyfluthrin(8).
The potential for bioconcentration of cyfluthrin
in aquatic organisms is considered high based on the measured BCF value of
cypermethrin(9,SRC).
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Based on an experimental vapor pressure of 2.0X10-9 mm Hg at 25 deg
C(1), cyfluthrin is expected to exist primarily
in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate phase cyfluthrin
may be physically removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition(SRC).
Environmental Biodegradation:
Biodegradation is expected to be an important environmental fate process for cyfluthrin(1,SRC). Over 90% biodegradation was
observed under anaerobic soil conditions during a 140 day incubation period(1). The
initial products of cyfluthrin anaerobic
biodegradation are 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)2,2-dimethylcyclopropancarboxcylic acid and
4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid(1).
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
Aqueous hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process for cyfluthrin(SRC). A base-catalyzed second order rate
constant of 6.1X10-3 L/mol-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(1);
this corresponds to half-lives of 35.9 and 3.5 years at pH values of 7 and 8,
respectively(1,SRC). Photolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate process
for cyfluthrin(2,SRC). An experimental half-life
of 16 hours was measured for cyfluthrin in
aqueous solution when irradiated with light at environmentally significant wavelengths
(> 290 nm)(2). Approximately 75% photodegradation was observed for cylfluthrin applied
to cotton fabrics when irradiated with a lamp designed to simulate 96 hours of natural
sunlight(3).
Environmental Bioconcentration:
A measured BCF value of 400 was obtained for cypermethrin, an insecticide which is
structurally similar to cyfluthrin(1). The
potential for bioconcentration of cyfluthrin in
aquatic organisms is considered high based on the measured BCF value of
cypermethrin(2,SRC).
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
The experimental Koc value of cyfluthrin is
33,800 under non-specified soil conditions(1). According to a recommended classification
scheme(2), this experimental Koc value suggests that cyfluthrin
will have no mobility in soil(SRC).
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant for cyfluthrin is
estimated as 5.8X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its experimental value for vapor pressure,
2.0X10-9 mm Hg(1), and experimental water solubility, 2.0 mg/l(2). This value indicates
that cyfluthrin will not volatilize from water
surfaces(3,SRC). Cyfluthrin's Henry's Law
constant and vapor pressure indicate that volatilization from moist and dry soil surfaces
are not important environmental fate processes(SRC).
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
Tolerances are established for residues of the insecticide cyfluthrin
(cyano(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl
3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate ... in or on the following raw
agricultural commodities: alfalfa, forage; alfalfa, hay; carrots; cattle, fat; cattle,
meat; cattle mbyp; cottonseed; eggs; goats, fat; goats, meat; goats, mbyp; hogs, fat;
hogs, meat; hogs, mbyp; hops, fresh; horses, fat; horses, meat; horses, mbyp; milkfat
(reflecting 0.08 ppm in whole milk); peppers; poultry, fat; poultry, meat; poultry, mbyp;
radishes; sheep, fat; sheep, meat; sheep, mbyp; sugarcane; sunflower, forage; sunflower,
seed; and tomato.
Time-limited tolerances are established for residues of the insecticide cyfluthrin (cyano(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl
3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate ... in or on the following raw
agricultural commodities: corn, forage and fodder, field and pop; corn, grain, field and
pop; corn, sweet, (K+CWHR); corn, sweet, fodder; and corn, sweet, forage.
A time-limited tolerance, to expire on november 15, 1997, is established for residues
of the insecticide cyfluthrin
(cyano(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl
3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate ... in or on the following
food commodities: cottonseed oil; tomato, concentrated products.
A tolerance ... is established for residues of the insecticide cyfluthrin
(cyano(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl
3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate ... in food commodities
exposed to the insecticide during treatment of food-handling establishments where food and
food products are held, processed, prepared, or served.
A tolerance is established for residues of the insecticide cyfluthrin
(cyano(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl
3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) ... in or on dried hops
resulting from application of the insecticide to hops.
Acceptable Daily Intakes:
FAO/WHO ADI: 0.02 mg/kg
Allowable Tolerances:
Tolerances are established for residues of the insecticide cyfluthrin
(cyano(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl
3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate ... in or on the following raw
agricultural commodities: alfalfa, forage 5.00 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97); alfalfa,
hay 10.00 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97); carrots 0.20 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97);
cattle, fat 1.00 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97); cattle, meat 0.40 ppm (expiration date
11/15/97); cattle mbyp 0.40 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97); cottonseed 1.0 ppm (expiration
date 11/15/97); eggs 0.01 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97); goats, fat 1.00 ppm (expiration
date 11/15/97); goats, meat 0.40 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97); goats, mbyp 0.40 ppm
(expiration 11/15/97); hogs, fat 1.00 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97); hogs, meat 0.40 ppm
(expiration 11/15/97); hogs, mbyp 0.40 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97); hops, fresh 4.0 ppm
(expiration date: none); horses, fat 1.00 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97); horses, meat
0.40 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97); horses, mbyp 0.40 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97);
milkfat (reflecting 0.08 ppm in whole milk) 2.50 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97); peppers
0.50 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97); poultry, fat 0.01 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97);
poultry, meat 0.01 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97); poultry, mbyp 0.01 ppm (expiration date
11/15/97); radishes 1.00 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97); sheep, fat 1.00 ppm (expiration
date 11/15/97); sheep, meat 0.40 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97); sheep, mbyp 0.40 ppm
(expiration date 11/15/97); sugarcane 0.05 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97); sunflower,
forage 1.00 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97); sunflower, seed 0.02 ppm (expiration date
11/15/97); and tomato 0.20 ppm (expiration date 11/15/97).
Time-limited tolerances are established for residues of the insecticide cyfluthrin (cyano(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl
3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate ... in or on the following raw
agricultural commodities: corn, forage and fodder, field and pop 0.01 ppm (expiration date
7/5/99); corn, grain, field and pop 0.01 ppm (expiration date 7/5/99); corn, sweet,
(K+CWHR) 0.05 ppm (expiration date 7/5/99); corn, sweet, fodder 15.00 ppm (expiration date
7/5/99); and corn, sweet, forage 30.00 ppm (expiration date 7/5/99).
A time-limited tolerance, to expire on november 15, 1997, is established for residues
of the insecticide cyfluthrin
(cyano(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl
3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate ... in or on the following
food commodities: cottonseed oil 2.0 ppm; tomato, concentrated products 0.5 ppm.
A tolerance of 0.05 ppm is established for residues of the insecticide cyfluthrin (cyano(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl
3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate ... in food commodities
exposed to the insecticide during treatment of food-handling establishments where food and
food products are held, processed, prepared, or served.
A tolerance of 20.0 ppm is established for residues of the insecticide cyfluthrin (cyano(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl
3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) ... in or on dried hops
resulting from application of the insecticide to hops.
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C22-H18-Cl2-F-N-O3
Molecular Weight:
434.29
Color/Form:
Yellowish-brown oil
Viscous amber partly crystalline oil.
Odor:
Aromatic solvent odor at room temp
Melting Point:
60 deg C
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
log Kow = 5.94
Solubilities:
Solubility in water is 2 mg/l at 20 deg C.
Spectral Properties:
Index of refraction: 1.5511 at 23 deg C/D
Vapor Pressure:
2.03X10-9 mm Hg at 25 deg C
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
Colorless oil; specific optical rotation: -15.0 deg at 20 deg C/D (concentration by
volume= 1.0 g in 100 ml chloroform)/(1R)(3R)(alphaR)-cyfluthrin.
Pasty yellow mass; contains 23-26% (R 1R)-cis- + (S 1S)-cis- enantiomers (mp 57 deg C),
16-19% (S 1R)-cis-(mp 74 deg C), 33-36% (R 1R)-trans- + (S 1S)-trans-(mp 66 deg C), 22-25%
(S 1R)- trans- + (R 1S)-trans-(mp 102 deg C) /Technical cyfluthrin/
Crystals from m-hexane; mp: 68-69 deg C; specific optical rotation: -2.1 deg at 20 deg
C/D (concentration by volume= 1.0 g in 100 ml chloroform) /(1R)(3S)(alpha S)-cyfluthrin/
Crystals; mp: 50-52 deg C; specific optical rotation: +24.5 deg at 20 deg C/D
(concentration by volume= 1.0 g in 100 ml chloroform) /(1R)(3R)(alpha S)- Cyfluthrin/
Chemical Safety & Handling:
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Immediately irritating to the eye. /Pyrethrum/
The chief effect from exposure ... is skin rash particularly on moist areas of the
skin. ... May irritate the eyes.
Fire Potential:
/Pyrethrins/ ... burn with difficulty. /Pyrethrins/
Fire Fighting Procedures:
Use carbon dioxide, foam, or dry chemical /on fires involving pyrethroids/. /Pyrethrum/
Fire-fighting: Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in
pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. /Pyrethrum/
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. /Pyrethrins/
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
Incompatible with azocyclotin.
Incompatibility: Strong oxidizers. /Pyrethrum/
... Incompatible with lime & ordinary soaps because acids & alkalies speed up
processes of hydrolysis. /Pyrethrins/
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
Employees should be provided with and required to use dust- and splash-proof safety
goggles where /pyrethroids/ ... may contact the eyes. /Pyrethroids/
Employees should be provided with and be required to use impervious clothing, gloves,
and face shields (eight-inch minimum). /Pyrethroids/
Wear appropriate equipment to prevent: Repeated or prolonged skin contact. /Pyrethrum /
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. /Pyrethrum/
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 50 mg/cu m: Respirator
Classes: Any chemical cartridge respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s) in combination
with a dust, mist, and fume filter. May require eye protection. Any supplied-air
respirator. May require eye protection. Any self-contained breathing apparatus. May
require eye protection. /Pyrethrum/
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 125 mg/cu m: Respirator
Classes: Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode. May require eye
protection. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s) in
combination with a dust, mist, and fume filter. May require eye protection. /Pyrethrum/
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 250 mg/cu m: Respirator
Classes: Any chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and organic vapor
cartridge(s) in combination with a high-efficiency particulate filter. Any self-contained
breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a full
facepiece. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece and
organic vapor cartridge(s) in combination with a high-efficiency particulate filter. May
require eye protection. /Pyrethrum/
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 5,000 mg/cu m: Respirator
Class: Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand
or other positive pressure mode. /Pyrethrum/
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned entry into
unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Classes: Any self-contained breathing
apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive
pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator with a full face piece and operated in
pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary
self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure
mode. /Pyrethrum/
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring
respiratory hazards: Respirator Classes: Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas
mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister having a
high-efficiency particulate filter. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing
apparatus. /Pyrethrum/
Preventive Measures:
Skin that becomes contaminated with /pyrethrum/ should be promptly washed or showered
with soap or mild detergent and water. /Pyrethrum/
Clothing contaminated with /pyrethrum/ should be placed in closed containers for
storage until provision is made for the removal of /pyrethrum/ from the clothing.
/Pyrethrum/
Respirators may be used when engineering and work practice controls are not technically
feasible, when such controls are in the process of being installed, or when they fail or
need to be supplemented. Respirators may also be used for operations which require entry
into tanks or closed vessels, and in emergency situations. /Pyrethrum/
Employees who handle /pyrethrum/ ... should wash their hands thoroughly with soap or
mild detergent and water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities. /Pyrethrum/
Avoid contact with skin. Keep out of any body of water. Do not contaminate water by
cleaning of equipment or disposal of waste. Do not reuse empty container. Destroy it by
perforating or crushing. Bury or discard in a safe place away from water supplies.
/Pyrethrins/
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is
conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only
upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance,
characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment,
and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose
irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be
harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any
event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in
place.
Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. /Pyrethrum/
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated. /Pyrethrum/
Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated
clothing before leaving the work premises. /Pyrethrum/
Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and
replaced. /Pyrethrum/
If /pyrethrins/ are not involved in a fire: keep /pyrethrins/ out of water sources and
sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. /Pyrethrins/
Stability/Shelf Life:
Pyrethrins ... /are/ stable for long periods in water-based aerosols where ...
emulsifiers give neutral water systems. /Pyrethrins/
Thermally stable @ room temp.
Storage Conditions:
Pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide topical preparations should be stored in well-closed
containers at a temperature less than 40 deg C, preferably between 15-30 deg C.
/Pyrethrins/
Cleanup Methods:
Environmental consideration - Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to
contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes,
or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike
surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk
liquid with fly ash, or cement powder. /Pyrethrins/
Environmental consideration - Water spill: If /pyrethrins/ are dissolved, apply
activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount in the region of 10 ppm or greater concn.
Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and
precipitates. /Pyrethrins/
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill)
disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land
disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory
agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
Incineration would be an effective disposal procedure where permitted. If an efficient
incinerator is not available, the product should be mixed with large amounts of
combustible material and contact with the smoke should be avoided. /Pyrethrin products/
The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chlorinated
pesticides: Concentration process: Resin adsorption. /Chlorinated pesticides/
The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chlorinated
pesticides: Concentration process: Resin adsorption. /Chlorinated pesticides/
Occupational Exposure Standards:
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
Agricultural insecticide
Control of chewing and sucking insects on oilseed rape (cabbage stem flea beetleand
rape winter stem weevil), cereals (Caphids vectors of BYDV), ornamentals, maize, cotton,
groundnuts, potatoes, rice, lucerne, tobacco, sugar beet, deciduous fruit, and vegetables.
Control of insect pests, especially houseflies, mosquitos, and cockroaches in public
health, stored products, and domestic usage.
MEDICATION
Manufacturers:
Bayer Inc., Hq, One Mellon Center, 500 Grant St, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-2502, (412)
394-5500; Agriculture Division, Hawthorn Rd, PO Box 4913, Kansas City, MO 64120;
Production Site: Kansas City, MO 64120, Shawnee, KS 66216
General Manufacturing Information:
Synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. Commercial product is mixture of 8 isomers, the
(1R)-isomers primarily responsible for the bioactivity.
The technical product consists of a mixture of 4 diastereoisomeric pairs. /Technical cyfluthrin/
Compatible with most other pesticides but incompatible with azocyclotin.
Non-phytotoxic when used as directed.
/Pyrethroids/ are modern synthetic insecticides similar chemically to natural
pyrethrins, but modified to increase stability in the natural environment. /Pyrethroids/
Formulations/Preparations:
Emulsifiable concentrate; water-in-oil emulsion; ULV liquid; wettable powder; granules.
Mixed formulations: (cyfluthrin+)phoxim;
dichlorvos + propoxur
Laboratory Methods:
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
Pyrethrins ... in pesticide formulations are analyzed using gas chromatography equipped
with flame ionization detection. Average recovery is 98% with a precision of 0.0044-0.011.
/Pyrethrins/
... Liquid chromatography method has been developed to quantitate pyrethrins in
pesticide formulations. ... Detection was monitored at 240 nm. ... Percent coefficients of
variation ranged from 1.39 to 9.68 with the majority less than 5.00. ... /Pyrethrins/
Pyrethrins were detected in soils by gas chromatography after extraction with hexane.
/Pyrethrins/
Low level pyrethrin formulations are extracted with tetrahydrofuran and determined via
capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. ... Analysis of 5
formulations gave an average standard deviation of 3.3%. /Pyrethrins/
Special References:
Special Reports:
Purdue University; National Pesticide Information Retrieval System, Cyfluthrin
Fact Sheet No. 164 (1987)
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Synonyms:
BAY-FCR 1272
**PEER REVIEWED**
Baythroid
**PEER REVIEWED**
Baythroid H
**PEER REVIEWED**
(R,S)-alpha-Cyano-4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzyl-(1R,S)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-
dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
**PEER REVIEWED**
Cyano(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-
cyclopropanecarboxylate
**PEER REVIEWED**
Cyfluthrine
**PEER REVIEWED**
Cyfoxylate
**PEER REVIEWED**
3-(2,2-Dichloroethenyl)-2,2-diethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid cyano(4-fluoro-
3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester
**PEER REVIEWED**
FCR 1272
**PEER REVIEWED**
Responsar
**PEER REVIEWED**
(RS)-alpha-Cyano-4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS, 3RS: 1RS, 3SR)-3-(2,2-
dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
**PEER REVIEWED**
Solfac
**PEER REVIEWED**
Tempo
**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
Emulsifiable concentrate; water-in-oil emulsion; ULV liquid; wettable powder; granules.
Mixed formulations: (cyfluthrin+)phoxim;
dichlorvos + propoxur
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 6599
Last Revision Date: 20010808
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 9/18/1997
Update History:
Field Update on 08/08/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/16/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/03/1998, 45 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/03/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/01/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/09/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/01/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 03/06/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/20/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/14/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/01/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/21/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/28/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/01/1994, 50 fields added/edited/deleted.
Record Length: 90173