1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE
Human Health Effects:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of
dichlorobenzenes. ... There is adequate evidence in experimental animals for the
carcinogenicity of para-dichlorobenzene. Overall evaluation: In making the overall
evaluation of the carcinogenicity of para-dichlorobenzene to humans, the Working Group
concluded that para-dichlorobenzene produces renal tubular tumors in male rats by a
non-DNA reactive mechanism, through an alpha-2-globulin associated response. Therefore,
the mechanism by which para-dichlorobenzene incr the incidences of renal tubular tumors in
male rats is not relevant to humans. para-Dichlorobenzene caused a high incidence of liver
tumors in male and female mice. Supporting evidence that its mechanism of action of
carcinogenesis may be relevant for humans includes evidence that it causes DNA damage in
liver and spleen of mice and weakly binds to DNA in mouse liver. ... para-Dichlorobenzene
is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). /Dichlorobenzene/
A3. A3= Animal carcinogen.
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
SOLID PARTICLES, VAPOR, OR FUMES OF P-DICHLOROBENZENE ARE
VERY PAINFUL TO THE EYES AND NOSE. ... /VAPOR/ IS PAINFUL TO MOST PEOPLE IN CONCN BETWEEN
50 AND 80 PPM AND THE DISCOMFORT BECOMES QUITE SEVERE AT 160 PPM.
SOLID P-DICHLOROBENZENE HAS VERY LITTLE
EFFECT ON THE SKIN. IT DOES PRODUCE A BURNING SENSATION WHEN HELD IN CLOSE CONTACT FOR
EXCESSIVE PERIODS OF TIME.
VAPORS MAY CAUSE IRRITATION TO SKIN, THROAT, & EYES. PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO HIGH
CONCN MAY CAUSE WEAKNESS, DIZZINESS, LOSS OF WEIGHT, LIVER INJURY MAY DEVELOP.
... reported the case of a patient who suffered swelling of the feet, ankles, and hands
after mothproofing garments all day with p-dichlorobenzene.
ONE CASE OF PULMONARY GRANULOMATOSIS & TWO CASES OF HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA ... /ARE/
REPORTED. A CASE OF ALLERGIC PURPURA AFTER EXPOSURE TO PARA-DICHLOROBENZENE HAS ALSO BEEN
DESCRIBED.
According to report ... the lenses of a twenty-seven old woman became completely
cataractous twelve to fourteen months after an attack of hepatic enlargement, jaundice,
and loss of wt which was ascribed to excessive exposure to vapors of para-dichlorobenzene
in her home; the exposure had been discontinued for one year before development of
cataracts. ... a second woman, aged twenty-five, had monocular, immature, anterior
peripheral cortical cataract with a history of jaundice and wt loss six months earlier; it
was suspected that she had been poisoned by vapors from 2 cans of para-dichlorobenzene
which were kept in a closet in which in the previous year the patient spent considerable
time sewing.
... reported the case of female worker who suffered tingling of the hands and, after 18
months, vertigo and loss of weight from working with a mixture of 90 parts of p-dichlorobenzene and 10 parts of hexachloroethane.
... /58 MEN WORKING WITH P-DICHLOROBENZENE CONTINUOUSLY
OR INTERMITTENTLY AT CONCN/ FROM 50-170 PPM WITH AVG OF 105 PPM ... /COMPLAINED/ OF EYE
& NOSE IRRITATION ... ; /AT/ 15-85 PPM WITH AVG OF 45 PPM ... THERE WERE NO
COMPLAINTS.
Exposure to p-dichlorobenzene may cause
headache, swelling around the eyes, and a runny nose.
IN 2 SUBJECTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA, 1 HAD BEEN EXPOSED TO GLUE CONTAINING 2%
ORTHO-DICHLOROBENZENE FROM 1945-1961, & OTHER HAD BEEN EXPOSED FROM 1940-1950 TO
SOLVENT CONTAINING ORTHO- (80%), META- (2%) & PARA- (15%) DICHLOROBENZENE ... /PRC-
ACTUAL CARCINOGENIC AGENT IN THESE EXPOSURES HAS NOT BEEN IDENTIFIED/ (GIRARD ET AL, 1969)
ABOVE 160 PPM ... /ODOR/ IS INTOLERABLE TO ANY PERSON WHO HAS NOT WORKED IN IT LONG
ENOUGH TO HAVE HAD SOME ADAPTATION. THIS ODOR & IRRITATING EFFECT ARE GOOD WARNINGS TO
PREVENT OVEREXPOSURE TO P-DICHLOROBENZENE. IT
SHOULD BE RECOGNIZED ... THAT A PERSON MAY BECOME SUFFICIENTLY ACCUSTOMED TO ODOR TO
TOLERATE HIGH CONCN.
It may also cause headache, swelling around the eyes, and a runny nose.
VAPORS AND SPRAYS ARE IRRITATING TO EYES, NOSE & THROAT BUT EFFECT SEEMS TO
DISAPEAR QUICKLY. WHEN SWALLOWED ... /THEY/ CAUSE BURNING PAIN IN STOMACH, NAUSEA,
VOMITING & DIARRHEA. HEMOGLOBIN MAY CHANGE TO METHEMOGLOBIN WITH RESULTING DUSTY COLOR
OF SKIN; LIVER & KIDNEY MAY BE DAMAGED. /DICHLOROBENZENES/
The dichlorobenzenes may be absorbed through the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and
intact skin. Relatively low water solubility and high lipid solubility favor their
penetration of most membranes by diffusion, including pulmonary and GI epithelia, the
brain, hepatic parenchyma, renal tubules, and the placenta. /Dichlorobenzenes/
Seventeen chemicals (solvents, insecticides and intermediates used in the production of
textiles and resins) were tested in a short-term in vitro system with human lymphocytes to
determine their action. The parameters studied were tritiated thymidine uptake and cell
viability in cultures grown with and without a rat liver metabolizing system (S-9 mix).
1,3-Dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, hexane, 1,2-diiodoethane, 1,4-dichlorobenzene,
tetrachloroethylene, 2,3-dibromopropanol, chloromethyl methyl ether, 1,2- and
1,3-dibromopropane, in order, exerted the more toxic effects ... . The chemicals were
non-toxic in the presence of the metabolizing system with the exception of 1,2- and
1,3-dichlorobenzene which maintained to ... some degree, their toxicity even in the
presence of the S-9 mix.
FUMES FROM SURFACE OF HOT P-DICHLOROBENZENE MAY
IRRITATE SKIN SLIGHTLY WHEN CONTACT IS REPEATED OR PROLONGED.
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Exposure to p-dichlorobenzene may cause
irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat.
VAPORS AND SPRAYS ARE IRRITATING TO EYES, NOSE & THROAT.
Medical Surveillance:
... AMT OF 2,5-DICHLOROPHENOL PRESENT IN URINE CAN SERVE AS INDICATION OF EXPOSURE.
Recommended medical surveillance ... a complete history and physical examination: The
purpose is to detect existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at
increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of
the liver, respiratory tract, eyes, and kidneys should be stressed. The skin should be
examined for evidence of chronic disorders.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... in relation specifically to cancer
hazards, there are at present no health monitoring methods that may ensure the early
detection of preneoplastic lesions or lesions which may precede them. Whenever medical
surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad
hoc decisions should be taken concerning additional tests that might become useful or
mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Populations at Special Risk:
Persons with existing pathology (hepatic, renal, central nervous system, blood), or
metabolic disorders, who are taking certain drugs (hormones, or otherwise metabolically
active) or who are otherwise exposed to dichlorobenzenes or to related (chemically or
biologically) chemicals, by such means as occupation or domestic use or abuse ... might
well be considered at increased risk from exposure to dichlorobenzenes. /Dichlorobenzenes/
/Individuals who suffer from/ skin, liver, kidney, or chronic respiratory disease, will
be at an increased risk if they are exposed to chlorobenzenes. /Chlorobenzenes/
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 32,449 workers (8,669 of
these are female) are potentially exposed to 1,4-dichlorobenzene in the US(1).
Occupational exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene may be through inhalation and dermal contact
with this compound at workplaces where 1,4-dichlorobenzene is produced or used(SRC). The
max observed concn of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in the breathing zones of 8 solid waste
composting facilities in the US was 2 ug/cu m(2). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected at
concns of 32.5-52.1 mg/cu m in work place air of a monochlorobenzene manufacturing
plant(3). The general population may be exposed to 1,4-dichlorobenzene via inhalation of
ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water(SRC).
Body Burden:
Dichlorobenzene isomers were detected in human blood samples taken from residents of
Love Canal, NY at concns of 1-68 ng/l(1). Combined 1,3-, 1,4-dichlorobenzene was detected
in the personal air of Los Angeles, CA residents at concns of 12 and 18 ug/cu m and
residents of Contra Costa, CA at a concn of 5.5 ug/cu m(2). Combined 1,3-,
1,4-dichlorobenzene was detected in the breath of Los Angeles, CA residents at concns of
3.5 and 2.8 ug/cu m and residents of Contra Costa, CA at a concn of 2.5 ug/cu m(2).
1,4-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified, in human adipose tissue in the US(3).
1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected in human adipose tissue at a concn of 146 ug/kg(4).
Average Daily Intake:
The AVDI of 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-dichlorobenzene isomers in the Netherlands is 7.0
ug/day(1). The AVDI of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in Japan was reported as 72.92 ug(2).
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
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| Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided here for general
reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE, AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX, SHOULD BE
CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CASES. Copyright
1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication,
replication or redistribution of all or part of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation
of Micromedex' copyrights and is strictly prohibited. The following Overview, *** PARADICHLOROBENZENE ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical. |
| Life Support: |
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
|
| Clinical Effects: |
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Dichlorobenzenes have low acute toxicity.
o ACUTE INGESTION - Nausea and vomiting are common.
Hepatotoxicity is a rare effect after large exposures.
Acute ingestion resulted in hemolytic anemia, jaundice,
and methemoglobinemia 4 days postingestion in one case.
o VAPOR EXPOSURE may cause irritation of nose and eyes.
Central nervous system depression will occur at
concentrations that are extremely objectionable to the
eyes and nose.
o DERMAL - The solid material produces a burning
sensation when held in contact with the skin, but the
resulting irritation is slight; warm fumes or strong
solutions of p-dichlorobenzene may irritate the intact
skin slightly on prolonged or repeated contact.
o CHRONIC EXPSOURE - May cause hepatic injury and in
severe cases cirrhosis. Individuals who are exposed
to higher concentrations of p-dichlorobenzene may show
weakness, dizziness, headache, rhinitis, twitching of
the facial muscles, and weight loss. Vomiting may
occur.
0.2.1.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE
o Liver effects will predominate in the chronic situation
with jaundice, cirrhosis, and possible death.
Individuals exposed to p-dichlorobenzene have exhibited
weakness, headache, rhinitis, twitching of the facial
muscles, and acute hemolytic anemia with
methemoglobinuria.
o Pica was resulted in hypochromic microcytic anemia in
one case. Aplastic anemia was seen in one case.
HEENT
0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Irritation to the eyes and nose may occur. Implicated,
not proven, in cataract formation.
RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Chronic exposure resulted in pulmonary granulomatosis
in one case. Dyspnea was noted in an allergic
reaction. Animals chronically exposed to vapors
developed pulmonary edema and hyperemia.
NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Withdrawal of PDB in a habituated adult would cause
tremulousness and sluggishness. Ataxia, dysarthria and
peripheral neuropathy have been reported after chronic
exposure. Tremors were seen in mice given lethal
doses, cerebellar ataxia has been seen after chronic
exposure.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may occur.
HEPATIC
0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o PDB is thought to be mildly hepatotoxic. Most case
reports involve coincidental exposure rather than
definitive proof.
GENITOURINARY
0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Glomerulonephritis was reported in conjunction with an
allergic reaction. Tubular and glomerular degeneration
was reported in chronic inhalation studies in animals.
FLUID-ELECTROLYTE
0.2.12.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Edema of the hands, feet, and ankle may occur with
prolonged dermal contact.
HEMATOLOGIC
0.2.13.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Has less potential for hematologic damage than
naphthalene. Methemoglobinemia was seen in one
pediatric case, and anemia has been seen with chronic
exposures. Leukemias have been reported with
ortho-dichlorobenzene, and granulocytopenia in animals.
DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o P-dichlorobenzene may produce irritation.
Hypersensitivity reactions include purpura and
hyperpigmentation. Orthodichlorobenzene may produce
blistering and hyperpigmentation with prolonged skin
contact.
REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
o Minimal data are available.
o Campbell reported a woman who ingested 1 to 2 air
freshener blocks per week during her pregnancy. Her
offspring developed no abnormalities.
CARCINOGENICITY
0.2.21.2 HUMAN OVERVIEW
o Carcinogenic in animals, unknown in humans.
|
| Laboratory: |
o No routine tests are necessary in asymptomatic patients.
Monitor complete blood count and liver function tests in
symptomatic cases.
o The urinary metabolite 2,5-dichlorophenol may serve as an
index of exposure.
|
| Treatment Overview: |
ORAL EXPOSURE
o GI decontamination is indicated when greater than 5 g or
1 moth ball is ingested.
o ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as slurry (240
mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in
adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12
years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
o Avoid milk, oil and fatty foods for 2 hours.
o If one is unable to differentiate a naphthalene compound
from PDB, gastrointestinal decontamination should be
carried out regardless of the amount ingested.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and
assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with
beta2 agonist and corticosteroid aerosols.
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
|
| Range of Toxicity: |
o Inhalation of 50 ppm or greater may cause irritation to
eyes, throat, and skin. Toxic oral dose unknown.
Accidental ingestion of up to 5 grams or one mothball is
generally well tolerated in children.
|
Antidote and Emergency Treatment:
Accidental mothball ingestion is very common in children. Mothballs consist either of
naphthalene or para-dichlorobenzene, the toxicities of which are very different. This
article focuses on the management of mothball ingestion with reference to these major
ingredients.
In order to develop a rapid, simple test to differentiate toxic naphthalene from the
less toxic mothball ingredient para-dichlorobenzene, both types of mothballs were
dissolved in ... turpentine. ... Turpentine, dissolved para-dichlorobenzene at a much more
rapid rate than napthalene. After 60 minutes, all of the para-dichlorobenzene mothballs
had dissolved, while at least 25% of the naphthalene remained. Thus, when confronted with
an ingestion of unlabeled mothballs, the physician could gain preliminary information
regarding possible toxicity by dissolving a remaining mothball in turpentine for 60
minutes.
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of
respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by
nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary
... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes
immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport
... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL
of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not
drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Lindane and related compounds/
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control
in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive-pressure ventilation
techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. @@ Monitor cardiac rhythm and
treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep
open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present.
Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Treat
seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye
irrigation ... . /Lindane and related compounds/
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of
dichlorobenzenes. ... There is adequate evidence in experimental animals for the
carcinogenicity of para-dichlorobenzene. Overall evaluation: In making the overall
evaluation of the carcinogenicity of para-dichlorobenzene to humans, the Working Group
concluded that para-dichlorobenzene produces renal tubular tumors in male rats by a
non-DNA reactive mechanism, through an alpha-2-globulin associated response. Therefore,
the mechanism by which para-dichlorobenzene incr the incidences of renal tubular tumors in
male rats is not relevant to humans. para-Dichlorobenzene caused a high incidence of liver
tumors in male and female mice. Supporting evidence that its mechanism of action of
carcinogenesis may be relevant for humans includes evidence that it causes DNA damage in
liver and spleen of mice and weakly binds to DNA in mouse liver. ... para-Dichlorobenzene
is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). /Dichlorobenzene/
A3. A3= Animal carcinogen.
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
FOR RABBITS, 340 PPM DAILY FOR 8 HOURS FOR 2 MONTHS CAUSED DETECTABLE HISTOLOGICAL
CHANGES IN LUNGS, & 800 PPM FOR SAME EXPOSURE CAUSED DEATH OF 10%. NO EFFECT WAS
PRODUCED BY 150 PPM.
... RATS, GUINEA PIGS & RABBITS EXPOSED /5 DAYS/WK, 7 HR/DAY FROM FEW TO 69 TIMES/
TO 798 PPM IN AIR ... SHOWED TREMORS, WEAKNESS, LOSS OF WT, EYE IRRITATION & UNKEMPT
APPEARANCE. SOME ... BECAME UNCONSCIOUS. ... LIVER SHOWED CLOUDY SWELLING & CENTRAL
NECROSIS. ... SLIGHT CLOUDY SWELLING OF TUBULAR EPITHELIUM OF KIDNEYS IN SOME ...
... RATS /WERE FED P-DICHLOROBENZENE/ AS 20%
SOLN IN OLIVE OIL. ... THEY SURVIVED SINGLE DOSES OF 1 G/KG BODY WT, BUT ... SUCCUMBED TO
A DOSE OF 4 G/KG BODY WT. GUINEA PIGS WERE FED 50% SOLN & SURVIVED 1.6 G/KG OF BODY WT
AS SINGLE DOSE & SUCCUMBED TO A DOSE OF 2.8 G/KG OF BODY WT.
AT CONCN OF 158 PPM ... FROM 137 TO 219 DAYS ... THERE WAS SLIGHT GROWTH DEPRESSION OF
GUINEA PIGS. LIVER WT WERE SLIGHTLY INCR IN MALE & FEMALE RATS & IN FEMALE GUINEA
PIGS.
RATS WERE FED 5 DAYS/WK FOR TOTAL OF 138 DOSES IN 192 DAYS. AT ... 376 MG/KG INCR IN
LIVER WT & SLIGHT INCR IN KIDNEY WT ... OBSERVED. ... EXAM OF ... LIVER REVEALED
SLIGHT CIRRHOSIS & FOCAL NECROSIS. AT 188 MG/KG, SLIGHT INCR IN AVG WT OF LIVER &
KIDNEY OCCURRED. AT 18.8 MG/KG OF BODY WT/DOSE, NO EFFECTS COULD BE OBSERVED.
In no instance have cataracts been reported in animals ... after exposure to p-dichlorobenzene which was assuredly pure. ... With
high exposures to high concentrations of vapor and feeding of the material dissolved in
olive oil to rabbits (0.5 to 1g/kg per day for 260 days in a year) has failed in all
instances to induce cataracts. ... Rabbits exposed repeatedly to 770-880 ppm in air for 8
hr/day developed transient edema of cornea, & as much as 3-5 diopters of edema of
optic nerveheads, edema of neighboring retina, & congestion of retinal veins, but no
hemorrhages or exudates; eyes returned to normal in 17 days after discontinuing exposure.
... FEEDING RABBITS 5 G P-DICHLOROBENZENE DAILY
CAUSED OPACITY OF LENS IN 3 WK. REPEATED WORK FAILED TO PRODUCE OPACITY. ... /IT WAS/
BELIEVED THAT EFFECT WAS PRODUCED BY NAPHTHALENE WHICH MAY HAVE CONTAMINATED SAMPLE.
The effect of p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) was
studied in the root tips of germinating lentil seeds. Several mitotic variations were
noted when root tips of Lens esculenta var microsperma were treated with p-DCB beyond 6
hr. ... p-DCB also produced a marked effect on the germination of seeds. The germination
and growth of /variants/ were inversely proportional to the /dosage/ of p-DCB. Low dose
treatments, 25-100 mg p-DCB caused no visible effect /during/ the ... early stages of
germination. Doses of 750 mg to 1 g caused greatly retarded growth, and some mortality.
Chromosomes in the resting anaphase, or telophase stages were not significantly affected.
Various types of anomalies were noted in the morphology of chromosomes at metaphase.
Precocious separation of the chromatids was also noted, along with fragmentation of the
chromosomes and chromatids. In certain cases, the cells in early telophase stage showed
chromosome bridges, which may have been formed due to the sticky nature of the
chromosomes. Usually these bridges separated, with the broken ends withdrawing into the
resting nuclei.
1,4-Dichlorobenzene increased the frequency of reverse mutations in Aspergillus
nidulans.
Acute toxicity tests with six chlorobenzenes, (monochlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene,
1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and
hexachlorobenzene) were performed on several aquatic organisms at different trophic
levels. Fertility impairment on Daphnia and photosynthesis inhibition on Selenastrum were
also carried out. Results were discussed together with physicochemical properties of the
molecules to identify structure-activity relationships and to predict environmental
distribution.
Results from recent long term inhalation, mutagenicity, embryotoxicity and metabolism
studies on p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) are
reviewed. Groups of male and female rats and female mice were exposed for 5 hr/day on 5
days/week 75 or 500 ppm for a total period of 76 weeks (rats) or 57 weeks (female mice)
followed by 36 weeks (rats) or 19 weeks (female mice) without p-DCB exposure. No overt
signs of toxicity were apparent at any exposure level nor were there any treatment-related
effects on the biochemical determinations, urine analysis, or hematological parameters.
Slightly elevated urinary coproporphyrin excretion and increased liver and kidney weights
were regarded as treatment related effects in the 500 ppm exposure group of rats. The
non-tumor and tumor pathology did not indicate any treatment related effect in any group
of either species. An embryotoxicity and teratology study on rats exposed to 0, 75, 200,
or 500 ppm p-DCB vapor in air during the period of organogenesis did not demonstrate any
signs of embryo- or fetotoxicity or teratogenicity at any exposure level. In a series of
mutagenicity tests including Salmonella typhimurium, dominant lethal, and cytogenetic
assays, p-DCB did not produce a mutagenetic response.
Ortho-dichlorobenzene and para-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) were evaluated for teratogenic
potential in rats (ortho-dichlorobenzene only) and rabbits. Groups of bred rats and
inseminated rabbits were exposed to 0, 100, 200, or 400 ppm of ortho-dichlorobenzene
/while/ groups of inseminated rabbits were exposed to 0, 100, 300, or 800 ppm p-DCB.
Animals were exposed for 6 hr/day on days 6-15 (rats) or 6-18 (rabbits) of gestation.
Maternal toxicity, as evidenced by a significant decr in body weight gain, was observed in
all groups of ortho-dichlorobenzene exposed rats and liver weight was significantly
increased in the 400 ppm ortho-dichlorobenzene exposed group. Slight maternal toxicity was
observed in groups of rabbits exposed to 400 ppm ortho-dichlorobenzene or 800 ppm p-DCB as
indicated by significantly decreased body weight gain during the first 3 days of exposure.
Inhalation of up to 400 ppm of ortho-dichlorobenzene was /neither/ teratogenic or
fetotoxic in rats and neither the ortho or the para isomer was teratogenic or fetotoxic in
rabbits at exposure levels less than or equal to 400 or 800 ppm, respectively.
Mutagenicity was assayed with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA98, UTH8414, and
UTH8413. None of the three dichlorobenzenes (1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-) was mutagenic in any
strain with or without S9 /SRP: rat liver metabolizing system/ from Arochlor treated rats.
... Acute and chronic toxicity to freshwater aquatic life occur at concentrations as
low as 1,120 and 763 ug/l ... acute toxicity to saltwater aquatic life occurs at
concentrations as low as 1,970 ug/l.
RATS WERE TREATED WITH EACH ISOMER OF DICHLOROBENZENE (DCB) IN AN ORAL DOSE OF 250
MG/KG ONCE DAILY FOR 3 DAYS. ACTIVITIES OF AMINOPYRINE DEMETHYLASE AND ANILINE HYDROXYLASE
WERE ENHANCED MARKEDLY BY TREATMENT WITH M-DICHLOROBENZENE, WHEREAS CYTOCHROME CONTENT WAS
NOT ALTERED SIGNIFICANTLY BY TREATMENT WITH ANY ISOMERS OF DICHLOROBENZENE. DELTA-AMINO
LEVULINIC ACID SYNTHETASE ACTIVITY WAS ENHANCED 63, 32 AND 42% BY TREATMENT WITH O-, M-,
P-DCB RESPECTIVELY, BUT THESE ENHANCEMENTS WERE NOT PARALLELED BY CYTOCHROME P450 CHANGE.
The teratogenic effect of p-dichlorobenzene was
evaluated in pregnant CD rats treated on day 6 through 15 with 0, 250, 500, 750 or 1000
mg/kg p-dichlorobenzene administered by gavage.
Exposure to p-dichlorobenzene induced maternal
weight retardation only at 500 mg/kg and higher; no differences were observed in liver
weight of treated females as compared to controls. Mean fetal weight was significantly
reduced only at the highest dose level. The occurrence of visceral and skeletal
malformations recorded in fetuses of dams treated with p-dichlorobenzene
was no different from that of controls; a significant increase in the
number of skeletal variations was observed at 750 and 1000 mg/kg; a dose related increase
in the frequency of extra ribs was recorded starting at 500 mg/kg. No differences were
observed in comparison with control values in the degrees of ossification of selected
areas. A reduction in fetal weight was observed at the 1000 mg/kg dose level. Since the
embryotoxic effects were associated with a reduction in food consumption and weight gain
of the exposed dams, the effects /may be/ a consequence of maternal suffering, rather than
a direct effect of the chemical on the embryonic development. ... Oral exposure to p-dichlorobenzene is not teratogenic in the rat.
Sperm abnormalities and ultrastructural changes in rat testes were noted following
acute exposure to para-dichlorobenzene. Light microscopic examination showed increased
levels of abnormal sperm such as excessive curvature, banana and wedge shaped heads as
well as twisting and curling tails. Ultrastructural changes included increased
lysosomal-like structures in association with pleomorphic membranous bodies in the
cytoplasm of early spermatids. Also, membranous remnants and vesicles were seen in the
tubular lumen. ... para-dichlorobenzene interfered with spermiogenesis.
Administration of monochlorobenzene, p-dichlorobenzene, or
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at single doses of 800 mg/kg produced an increase in the total
porphyrin content of liver of day old chicks. Porphyrinogenic activity was higher in p-dichlorobenzene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene treated
chicks than in monochlorobenzene treated chicks. Administration of any of these compounds
to chick embryos (40 mg/egg) failed to produce an induction of liver porphyrins.
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene enhanced the excretion of porphyrin in bile in chicks but not of
chick embryos. In day old chicks 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene increased hepatic cytochrome p450
levels and the activity of 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase. 7-Ethoxycoumarin deethylase
activity was decreased while cytosolic glutathione S-transferase activity was unchanged.
These results point out the differential response of chick embryos and day old chicks to
chlorobenzene-induced changes in porphyrin metabolism as well as the differential
induction of microsomal monooxygenases in chicks by 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
... Eight halogenated benzenes, including bromobenzene (BB), chlorobenzene (CB), three
isomers of dichlorobenzene (DCB) and three isomers of trichlorobenzene (TCB) were tested
for acute toxicity (LD50) and clastogenicity in 8 week old NMRI mice by intraperitoneal
administration. Four doses of each chemical (up to 70% of LD50) were tested for
clastogenic activity. Each compound was administered in two equal doses, 24 hr apart.
Increased formation of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, observed in femoral bone
marrow, 30 hr after the first injection, was considered to be due to the clastogenic
activity of the test compound. All the halogenated benzenes tested were found to be
clastogenic. The highest clastogenic activities were induced by m-dichlorobenzene and
bromobenzene. Among three isomers of dichlorobenzene, m-dichlorobenzene significantly
induced more micronuclei than o-DCB or p-dichlorobenzene. No
significant differences were found between the clastogenic activities of trichlorobenzene
isomers.
... A dynamic liver culture system, using short term viable tissue culture of rat liver
slices, is described. Following initial recovery periods of 2 to 6 hr; potassium ion and
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content were maintained for 16 to 20 hr, and protein
synthesis increased linearly for 16 hr. ... The order of decreasing toxicity of
dichlorobenzenes, measured by potassium ion content, protein synthesis, and release of
lactic dehydrognase, was 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, and
1,4-dichlorobenzene, in agreement with a similar order obtained in vivo. The
dichlorobenzenes were less toxic in slices from Sprague-Dawley rats than in Fischer rats.
This finding was confirmed by studies in vivo.
Developmental, genetic, and reproductive toxicities of benzene, chlorobenzene, and o-,
m-, and p-dichlorobenzenes were investigated in sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus.
Toxicity order depended on whether the target organ was embryo or sperm. Benzene was
active in sea urchin sperm causing developmental and mitotic abnormalities in offspring.
Benzene also showed a significant increase in developmental defects following embryo
exposure. For chlorobenzene, developmental defects were seen when the concn was increased
to 10(-4) M-Dichlorobenzene caused a strong increase in developmental defects and also in
mitotic abnormalities.
Under the conditions of these 2 yr gavage studies, 1,4-dichlorobenzene produced clear
evidence of carcinogenicity for male F344/N rats, as shown by an incr incidence of renal
tubular cell adenocarcinomas. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity for female F344/N
rats receiving doses of 300 or 600 mg/kg. There was clear evidence of carcinogenicity for
both male and female B6C3F1 mice, as shown by incr incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas
and hepatocellular adenomas. Marginal increases were observed in the incidences of
pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland in male mice. Nonneoplastic effects in the kidney
of male and female rats, in the liver of male and female mice, and in the thyroid gland
and adrenal gland of male mice were also associated with the admin of 1,4-dichlorobenzene.
When rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits were exposed for 30 min a day to an initial nominal
concentration of 16,640 ppm (100,000 mg/m3), a few showed simple eye and nose irritation,
but most showed intense irritation, muscle twitches, loss of righting reflex, horizontal
and vertical nystagmus, and rapid labored breathing. Recovery after each exposure required
only 30-120 min in most animals, but a few died. This treatment led to a granulocytopenia
and some tendency to increased lymphocytes, so that there was little effect on total white
count.
When rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits were exposed for 8 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for as many
as 69 exposure days to a measured average concentration of 798 ppm (4800 mg/m3), some of
the animals died and all exhibited weakness, tremors, weight loss, eye irritation, and
coma. Rabbits that survived 62 exposures apparently recovered completely within 17 days.
When rats and guinea pigs were exposed 7 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 6 months to an average
concentration of 341 ppm (2050 mg/m3), the only positive findings included slight growth
depression, slight increase in liver and kidney weights, and slight histological changes.
Similar exposure of rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and one monkey to an average concentration
of 158 ppm (950 mg/m3) produced similar but less pronounced changes in rats and guinea
pigs only. When the same five species were exposed to a measured concentration of 96 ppm
(580 mg/m3) for 6 months or more, no adverse effect was detected in any of them, as judged
by gross appearance, behavior, growth, organ weight, hematological studies, and clinical
findings.
...causes alpha 2u-globulin nephropathy or hyaline droplet nephropathy. This
nephropathy occurs in male but not in female rats, is characterized by the accumulation of
protein droplets in the S2 segment of the proximal tubule, and results in single-cell
necrosis, the formation of granular casts at the junction of the proximal tubule and the
thin loop of Henle, and cellular regeneration.
... rats were treated for 13 weeks with oral doses ranging from 37.5 to 1500 mg/kg.
Mortality was produced at doses of 900 mg/kg or greater, and body weights were adversely
affected by 600 mg/kg or greater. In the animals given 1200 or 1500 mg/kg, degeneration
and necrosis of hepatocytes, hypoplasia of the bone marrow, lymphoid depletion of the
spleen and thymus, and epithelial necrosis of the nasal turbinates and small intestinal
mucosa were produced. At doses of 300 mg/kg or greater, male rats showed kidney damage
characterized by degeneration or necrosis of the renal cortical tubular epithelial cells.
These lesions appear specific to the male rat and were not seen in treated females at
doses up to 1500 mg/kg. Clinical pathologic changes consistent with liver damage were seen
at doses of 600 mg/kg or greater, and urinary coproporphyrins were elevated at 1200 mg/kg.
Rabbits exposed 8 hr/day for a total of 62 exposures in 83 days at 770-800 ppm p-DCB
exhibited tremors, weakness, and death, along with edema of the cornea and opacity of the
lens. No opacity of the lens was noted in rabbits exposed for 5 to 47 days to vapors of
p-DCB; however, there was liver damage and mortality.
The effects of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB) have been compared in male F344 rats given 0
(corn oil control), 25, 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg DCB and male B6C3F1 mice given 0 (corn oil
control), 300, and 600 mg/kg DCB by daily oral gavage five days per week for 1, 4, and 13
weeks. The two highest rat and both mouse dose levels were the same as those employed in a
NTP bioassay, where DCB produced kidney tumors in male rats and liver tumors in mice. DCB
produced significant dose-related increases in relative liver weight in both the rat and
the mouse which was associated with, respectively, mild and marked centrilobular
hypertrophy. Administration of DCB also produced a sustained induction of microsomal
cytochrome P450 content and 7-pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase activity in both species.
Western immunoblotting studies demonstrated that DCB induced CYP2B isoenzyme(s) in both
rat and mouse liver microsomes. Replicative DNA synthesis was studied by implanting
osmotic pumps containing 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine in study Weeks 0-1, 3-4, and 12-13. In
the rat hepatocyte labeling index values were only increased in animals given 300 mg/kg
DCB for 1 week, whereas hepatocyte labeling index values were significantly increased in
mice given 300 and 600 mg/kg DCB for 1 and 4 weeks. DCB treatment produced significant
increases in rat renal P1/P2 proximal tubule cell labeling index values at all time
points, whereas little effect was observed in mouse kidney. The observed species
difference in DCB-induced liver tumor formation may reflect the greater sensitivity of the
mouse to tumor promotion by a CYP2B inducer. For the kidney, the present data provides
further evidence that while DCB-induced alpha2U-globulin nephropathy is associated with a
sustained stimulation of cell replication in male rat renal proximal tubule cells, this
effect is not observed in the male mouse.
National Toxicology Program Studies:
... Carcinogenesis studies were conducted by admin 1,4-dichlorobenzene (greater than
99% pure) in corn oil by gavage (5 days per week) to male F344/N rats at doses of 0, 150,
or 300 mg/kg and to female F344/N rats and male and female B6C3F1 mice at doses of 0, 300,
or 600 mg/kg per day for 2 yr (50 animals per group). Under the conditions of these 2 yr
gavage studies, 1,4-dichlorobenzene produced clear evidence of carcinogenicity for male
F344/N rats, as shown by an incr incidence of renal tubular cell adenocarcinomas. There
was no evidence of carcinogenicity for female F344/N rats receiving doses of 300 or 600
mg/kg. There was clear evidence of carcinogenicity for both male and female B6C3F1 mice,
as shown by incr incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatocellular adenomas.
Marginal increases were observed in the incidences of pheochromocytomas of the adrenal
gland in male mice. Nonneoplastic effects in the kidney of male and female rats, in the
liver of male and female mice, and in the thyroid gland and adrenal gland of male mice
were also associated with the admin of 1,4-dichlorobenzene.
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Rat (male, adult) po 3863 mg/kg (95% confidence interal 3561-4153 mg/kg) /From
table/
LD50 Rat (female, adult) po 3790 mg/kg (95% confidence interval 3425-4277 mg/kg) /From
table/
LD50 Rat (male, adult) dermal > 6000 mg/kg /From table/
LD50 Rat (female, adult) dermal > 6000 mg/kg /From table/
LD50 Rat oral 500 mg/kg
LD50 Mouse oral 2950 mg/kg
LD50 Mouse ip 2 g/kg
LD50 Mouse sc 5145 mg/kg
LD50 Rabbit oral 2830 mg/kg
Ecotoxicity Values:
LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill sunfish) 4.54 mg/l/24 hr; 4.3 mg/l/48 hr; 4.25
mg/l/96 hr /Static bioassay/
LC50 Sheepshead minnow 7.5-10 mg/l/24 hr; 7.17 mg/l/48 hr; 7.4 mg/l/96 hr /Static
bioassay/
LC50 Poecilia reticulata (guppy) 4.0 ppm/14 days /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 35.4 mg/l /24 & 48 hr; 33.7 mg/l/96 hr
/Conditions of bioassay not specified/
LC50 Palaemonetes pugio (grass shrimp) 129 mg/l/48 hr; 69 mg/l/96 hr /Conditions of
bioassay not specified/
TSCA Test Submissions:
The mutagenic potential of para-dichlorobenzene was evaluated in the germ cells
(Sex-Linked Recessive Lethal Mutation Assay) of Drosophila males exposed by inhalation.
Based on preliminary toxicity determinations, groups of flies received nominal
concentrations of 6,000, or 15,600 ppm/hr, resulting in a range of 3.4 - 23% mortality
during exposure and pre-mating. None of the treatments produced mutant frequencies
significantly greater than the negative control (air only).
The frequency of forward mutations was determined at the HGPRT locus in Chinese Hamster
Ovary cells exposed in vitro to p-dichlorobenzene with
and without metabolic activation provided by Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 fraction. The
test article was not mutagenic at concentrations ranging from 25 to 250 ug/ml in the
presence of activation (-serum), and without activation (+ and - serum). In preliminary
cytotoxicity assays, the percent survivors parameter ranged from 0.03 to 2.1% at the high
dose level under all conditions of exposure.
The ability of para-dichlorobenzene to cause chromosome aberrations in cultured Chinese
hamster ovary (CHO) cells was evaluated in the presence and absence of added metabolic
activation by Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 fraction. Based on preliminary toxicity
determinations, both nonactivated and activated cultures were treated with duplicate 5,
10, 20, 30 and 50ug/ml of test material. Nonactivated cultures were incubated with the
test material for 12 hours and activated cultures were incubated for 2 hours with test
material and then incubated for addition 10 hours with replaced normal medium. Only cells
at the highest three treatments were analyzed for chromosomal damage. Nonactivated
cultures produced significantly (chi-square test) greater chromosome aberration
frequencies relative to the negative control (DMSO), but this data was dismissed due to
erratic negative control values. None of the negative control chromosome aberrations
frequencies exceed the 95% confidence limit of the historical controls. Activated cultures
did not produce a significantly greater (chi-square test) increase in the frequencies of
chromosomal aberrations relative to the negative control (DMSO).
The fate of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB) was studied in male Wistar rats in a urine study
(5/group) and in a blood and tissue study (25/group, 5/group sacrificed 1, 2, 4, 8, and 14
days after exposure). The rats in both studies were exposed by gavage to single doses of
100 or 1000 mg/kg. After 1 day, DCB (28 ug/ml) and 1,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) (26 ug/ml)
were observed in the plasma of high-dose animals. These levels dropped rapidly during day
2; only DCP (0.35 ug/ml) was detected after 4 days. Low-dose animal plasma after day 1
contained DCB (0.3 ug/ml) and DCP (0.5 ug/ml). Most of the DCP (conjugated form) was
eliminated in the urine within 1 (low-dose) or 2 days (high-dose). DCP is still detectable
on days 3 (low-dose) and 7 (high-dose) in the urine. Sixty (low-dose) and 40% (high-dose)
of the DCB is eliminated in the urine. DCB was found in the fatty tissue at 50 (low-dose)
and 3,600 ug/g (high-dose) on day 1, although these level dropped rapidly to 2.3 and 100
ug/g on day 2 and to traces by day 4. In high-dose animals, DCB (67 ug/g) and DCP (2.5
ug/g) were found in the hepatic tissue after day 1 and these levels drop off rapidly, and
DCB (40 ug/g) and DCP (12 ug/g) were found in the renal tissue after day 1 and the DCB
level dropped off rapidly, whereas DCP still present at 0.5 ug/g after day 4. Only traces
of DCB and DCP were found in the hepatic and renal tissue of low-dose animals.
The distribution and metabolism of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB) was studied in male and
female rats (15/sex/group, strain not reported) exposed by inhalation to concentrations of
75 or 500 ppm DCB 5 hrs/day, 5 days/week for up to 18 months (mo). Animals (5/sex/group)
were sacrificed 6, 18, and 24 mo after the commencement of exposure. The levels (ug/ml) of
2,5-dichlorophenol (DCP, metabolite) in the plasma of low/high-dose males were 1.4/10.4 at
6 mo and 0/2.0 at 18 mo, and of low/high-dose females were 1.8/8.6 at 6 mo and 0/3.7 at 8
mo. The levels (ug/g) of DCB in the fatty tissue of low/high-dose males were 29.0/831.3 at
6 mo, 1.9/120.7 at 18 mo, and 0/0 at 24 mo, and of low/high-dose females were 44.7/494.7
at 6 mo, 2.9/169.7 at 18 mo, and 0/0 at 24 mo. The levels (ug/ml) of DCP in the urine of
low/high-dose males were 249.5/79.3 at 6 mo and 25.0/666.8 at 8 mo, and of low/high-dose
females were 227.5/313.0 at 6 mo and 12.9/1160.3 at 8 mo. Neither DCB nor DCP were
detected in the hepatic tissue of low-dose males or females at any time. The levels (ug/g)
of DCB/DCP in hepatic tissue of high-dose males were 5.0/2.9 at 6 mo and 2.7/0.2 at 8 mo,
and of high-dose females were 5.0/0.8 at 6 mo and 2.9/0.2 at 8 mo. Twenty-four mo urine
samples were not available.
The distribution of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB) was studied in male Wistar rats
(25/group) fed a diet containing DCB (in a 1:1 mixture with Wessalin S) at concentrations
of 100 or 1000 ppm DCB for up to 28 days. Four animals/group were sacrificed at 3, 7, 14,
21, and 28 days and samples of blood, liver, kidney, and fatty tissue were analyzed for
DCB and 2,5-dichlorophenol (DCP) content. DCP was not detected in the fatty tissue and
neither DCB or DCP could be detected in the plasma, hepatic or renal tissues of low-dose
animals. DCP was not detected in the fatty tissue of high-dose animals. In high-dose
animals, the plasma levels of DCB and DCP decrease rapidly from days 3-7 and then steady
state concentrations (approximately 0.5 and 1.0 ug/ml, respectively (resp)) are reached
which slowly decrease through day 28. Levels of DCB (ug/g) in the fatty tissue of high-
and low-dose animals were approximately 49 and 3 on day 3, 17 and 2 on day 7, and 19 and 2
on day 28, resp. Levels (ug/g) of DCB and DCP in the hepatic tissue of high-dose animals
were 1.3 and 0.2 on day 3, 0.4 and 0.1 on day 7, and 0.5 and 0.2 on day 28, resp. Levels
(ug/g) of DCB and DCP in the renal tissue of high-dose animals were 0.7 and 0.9 on day 3,
0.3 and 0.3 on day 7, and 0.3 and 0.5 on day 7, resp. Neither DCB nor DCP were detected in
fatty, hepatic or renal tissue at 35 days.
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism/Metabolites:
AFTER INGESTION OF P-DICHLOROBENZENE, 2,5-DICHLOROPHENOL
(30%) FREE AND AS THE GLUCURONIDE AND SULFATE AND 2,5-DICHLOROQUINOL (6%) WERE EXCRETED.
IN HUMANS, 2,5-DICHLOROPHENOL WAS ALSO FOUND IN THE URINE.
AFTER ORAL ADMIN OF PARA-DICHLOROBENZENE TO RATS, 2 METAB DETECTED IN BLOOD.
METABOLITES M-1 & M-2 ARE 2,5-DICHLOROPHENYL METHYL SULFOXIDE & 2,5-DICHLOROPHENYL
METHYL SULFONE. CONCN OF M-1 IN BLOOD WAS HIGHER THAN M-2 FOR 12 HR AFTER DOSING, BUT
BLOOD LEVEL OF M-2 WAS HIGHER THEREAFTER. AFTER ORAL ADMIN OF P-DCB TO RATS
2,5-DICHLOROPHENOL WAS MAJOR METABOLITE.
Rabbits were fed an oral dose of 0.5 g/kg of p-dichlorobenzene
/which was then/ oxidized to 2,5-dichlorophenol (35%); conjugated to form
glucuronide (36%) and ethereal sulfate (27%); or excreted as 2,5-dichloroquinol (6%).
The metabolism of p-dichlorobenzene was
extensively studied in rats following repeated inhalation, oral, or subcutaneous doses.
After these exposures, residues detected by (14)C content were observed in fat, kidneys,
liver, and lungs, but they declined rapidly to levels below limits of detection within 5
days after exposure. From 91%-97% of the dose was excreted in the urine.
THE EFFECT OF INDUCERS AND INHIBITORS OF MICROSOMAL MIXED-FUNCTION OXIDASES ON THE FATE
OF METABOLISM AND THE EXTENT OF BINDING OF ORTHO- AND PARA-DICHLOROBENZENE TO CELLULAR
CONSTITUENTS SUGGESTS THAT ARENE OXIDES (EPOXIDE) MAY BE PRECURSORS OF THE EXCRETED
METABOLITES ...
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (TCB) was reductively converted into monochlorobenzene (MCB) via
dichlorobenzenes (DCBs) on incubation with intestinal contents of rats. When the amounts
of MCB produced from o-DCB, m-DCB, or p-DCB as substrates were compared, the amount was
the least in the case of o-DCB. This was consistent with the finding that o-DCB tended to
accumulate more than the other isomers. The mechanism of the reductive dechlorination of
aromatic compounds is not well understood.
The metabolism and kinetics of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) were examined in male
Wistar-rats. Animals were gavaged with 10 to 250 mg/kg of radiolabeled 1,4-DCB. Rats were
induced with 0.1% isoniazid for 10 days before dosing. Blood, urine, feces, exhaled air,
and bile were collected repeatedly for up to 6 days after treatment. After 168 hours, the
rats were sacrificed and examined. Blood, urine, feces, expired air, bile, and organs were
analyzed for total radioactivity. Urinary metabolites were analyzed via high pressure
liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Plasma concentrations of 1,4-DCB were
measured using gas chromatography. Dose did not affect the clearance and half life of
1,4-DCB in the plasma. The area under the concentration time curves was smaller and the
clearance of 1,4-DCB was greater in rats induced with isoniazid, compared to control rats.
Among control rats, the maximum plasma 1,4-DCB concentration (Cmax) increased dose
dependently from 6.75+/-0.04 micromoles per liter (micromol/l) after a 10 mg/kg dose to
104 +/- 27 umol/l after a 250mg/kg dose. Among induced rats, Cmax equaled 22.2 +/- 7.8
umol/l after a 50 mg/kg dose and 76.9 +/-23 umol/l after a 250 mg/kg dose. Less than 1% of
the 1,4-DCB dose was excreted in air. Less than 0.05% of the radioactivity was recovered
in body organs. In control rats, 80 and 4% of the 1,4-DCB dose were eliminated in the
urine and feces, respectively. In induced rats, 92 to 97% and 5% of the 50 mg/kg 1,4-DCB
dose and 80 to 85% and 4% of the 250 mg/kg 1,4-DCB dose were excreted in the urine and
feces, respectively. Bile excretion of 1,4-DCB increased with increasing dose. Urinary
metabolites included sulfates, glucuronides, mercapturic acids, and 2,5-dichlorophenol
(2,5-DCP). Sulfates were the most abundant metabolites and 2,5-DCP was the least abundant
metabolite.
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
THE MATERIAL IS APPARENTLY WELL ABSORBED BY THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AND FROM LUNG
BUT NOT APPRECIABLY THROUGH SKIN.
MOTH REPELLENT PARA-DICHLOROBENZENE WAS DETECTED IN HUMAN ADIPOSE TISSUE & BLOOD AS
POLLUTANT TOGETHER WITH POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS.
Absorption of 1,4-dichlorobenzene through the gastrointestinal tract is rapid. Oral
doses of 200 or 800 mg/kg to male Wistar rats appeared in the blood and adipose, kidney,
liver, lung, heart, and brain tissue within 30 minutes.
The dichlorobenzenes may be absorbed through the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and the
intact skin. Relatively low water solubility and high lipid solubility favor their
penetration of most membranes by diffusion, including pulmonary and GI epithelia, the
brain, hepatic parenchyma, renal tubules, and the placenta. /Dichlorobenzenes/
Studies were carried out to determine the concentration of p-dichlorobenzene
in the urine of workers exposed to the compound in a chemical factory and
to determine whether a correlation exists between the weighted levels of p-dichlorobenzene
in the air and the urinary levels recorded. Urine samples /were/ obtained
from four workers with various lengths of occupational exposure to p-dichlorobenzene
at the beginning and at the end of the work shift. The average concn of p-dichlorobenzene in the breathing zone of the workers
was 44.72 mg/cu m. The levels of p-dichlorobenzene determined
in the urine of the workers ranged from 5.2 to 125 ug/l. The differences between the
levels of p-dichlorobenzene in the urine at the
beginning and at the end of the shift, and the levels of p-dichlorobenzene
in the air of the workplace were statistically significant. Based on a
daily level of exposure to p-dichlorobenzene equal
to 450 mg/cu m, which is the weighted exposure level established by the American
Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists in 1984, ... a biological exposure index of
250 ug/l as the difference between the levels of p-dichlorobenzene
in the urine at the beginning and at the end of the shift has been
proposed.
The dichlorobenzenes may be absorbed through the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and
intact skin. Relatively low water solubility and high lipid solubility favor their
penetration of most membranes by diffusion, including pulmonary and GI epithelia, the
brain, hepatic parenchyma, renal tubules, and the placenta. /Dichlorobenzenes/
... In a previous study of selected children in AR, /it was found/ that 96% of the
children had detectable urinary concn of 2,5-dichlorophenol, the metabolite of p-dichlorobenzene. In the current study in a sample of
1,000 adults who lived throughout the USA, 98% had detectable levels of p-dichlorobenzene
in their blood. Urinary 2,5-dichlorophenol concn ranged up to 8,700 ug/l
(median and mean concn of 30 ug/l and 200 ug/l, respectively). p-Dichlorobenzene
blood concn ranged up to 49 ug/l, with median and mean concn of 0.33 ug/l
and 2.1 ug/l, respectively). The Pearson correlation coefficient for 2,5-dichlorophenol in
urine and p-dichlorobenzene in blood was 0.82
(p<0.0001), thus demonstrating a strong association between these exposure
measurements. Neither age nor gender was related to urinary 2,5-dichlorophenol or blood p-dichlorobenzene concn (p>0.40). ...
Following repeated daily exposures for 10 days to 1000 ppm p-dichlorobenzene
vapor for 3 hr/day or administration of oral or subcutaneous doses of 250
mg/kg/day, tissue concentration of 14C activity did not increase after 6 days of exposure
but tended to decrease. During a 5-day postexposure interval after the last dose, 91-97%
of the excreted radioactivity was recovered in the urine, 1-6% in the feces, and 0.2-6.4%
in the expired air. In rats with cannulated bile ducts, 46-63% of the dose was recovered
in the bile and appeared to be reabsorbed in the intact animal ... and ultimately excreted
in the urine. ...
Mechanism of Action:
The formation of metabolic arene oxide intermediate has been associated with
mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, and halobenzenes have been shown to form reactive
intermediates ... Chromosomal and other nuclear derangements in roots of Allium ...
exposed ... to 1,4-dichlorobenzene ... abnormal chromosome numbers were found in dividing
nuclei ... .
Pharmacology:
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
1,4-Dichlorobenzene's production and application as an insecticide, space deodorant and
a chemical intermediate will result in its release to the environment through various
waste streams. Based on a vapor pressure of 1.7 mm Hg at 25 deg C, 1,4-dichlorobenzene is
expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase
1,4-dichlorobenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with
photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated atmospheric half-life of 50
days. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene is expected to have moderate to low mobility in soils based upon
log Koc values in the range of 2.5-4.8 measured in sois and sediment. Volatilization of
1,4-dichlorobenzene from dry soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process
based upon the vapor pressure of this compound. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is
expected based on the Henry's Law constant of 2.7X10-3 atm-cu m/mole at 20 deg C.
1,4-Dichlorobenzene is not expected to biodegrade in soils or water with reported
biodegradation half-lives of about a year or longer. In water, 1,4-dichlorobenzene is
expected to adsorb to sediment or particulate matter based on its measured Koc values.
This compound is expected to volatilize from water surfaces given its Henry's Law
constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 and
120 hours, respectively. Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is considered moderate to
high based on BCF values in the range of 60 to 720 measured in fish. Occupational exposure
may be through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where
1,4-dichlorobenzene is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to
1,4-dichlorobenzene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water.
(SRC)
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 32,449 workers (8,669 of
these are female) are potentially exposed to 1,4-dichlorobenzene in the US(1).
Occupational exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene may be through inhalation and dermal contact
with this compound at workplaces where 1,4-dichlorobenzene is produced or used(SRC). The
max observed concn of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in the breathing zones of 8 solid waste
composting facilities in the US was 2 ug/cu m(2). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected at
concns of 32.5-52.1 mg/cu m in work place air of a monochlorobenzene manufacturing
plant(3). The general population may be exposed to 1,4-dichlorobenzene via inhalation of
ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water(SRC).
Body Burden:
Dichlorobenzene isomers were detected in human blood samples taken from residents of
Love Canal, NY at concns of 1-68 ng/l(1). Combined 1,3-, 1,4-dichlorobenzene was detected
in the personal air of Los Angeles, CA residents at concns of 12 and 18 ug/cu m and
residents of Contra Costa, CA at a concn of 5.5 ug/cu m(2). Combined 1,3-,
1,4-dichlorobenzene was detected in the breath of Los Angeles, CA residents at concns of
3.5 and 2.8 ug/cu m and residents of Contra Costa, CA at a concn of 2.5 ug/cu m(2).
1,4-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified, in human adipose tissue in the US(3).
1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected in human adipose tissue at a concn of 146 ug/kg(4).
Average Daily Intake:
The AVDI of 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-dichlorobenzene isomers in the Netherlands is 7.0
ug/day(1). The AVDI of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in Japan was reported as 72.92 ug(2).
Natural Pollution Sources:
Dichlorobenzenes are not known to occur as such in nature(1).
Artificial Pollution Sources:
1,4-Dichlorobenzene's production and application as an insecticide, space deodorant and
a chemical intermediate will result in its release to the environment through various
waste streams(1,2,SRC).
Environmental Fate:
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), and Koc values of
273 and 390(2,3) measured in soil, 1,4-dichlorobenzene is expected to have moderate
mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,4-dichlorobenzene is expected from moist soil
surfaces given its Henry's Law constant of 2.7X10-3 atm-cu m/mole at 20 deg C(4).
Volatilization of 1,4-dichlorobenzene from dry soil surfaces is expected based on a vapor
pressure of 1.7 mm Hg at 25 deg C(5). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene is not expected to biodegrade in
soils with biodegradation half-lives of about a year or longer(6,7).
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), and a log Koc value of
4.8(2) measured sediment, 1,4-dichlorobenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids
and sediment in water(SRC). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene is expected to volatilize from water
surfaces(3,SRC) given its Henry's Law constant of 2.7X10-3 atm-cu m/mole at 20 deg C(4).
Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 and 120 hours,
respectively(3,SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), BCF values in the range of
60 to 720, measured in fish(6-8), suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is
moderate to high(SRC). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene is not expected to biodegrade in water or
sediment with biodegradation half-lives of about a year or longer(9,10).
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile
organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,4-dichlorobenzene, which has a vapor pressure of
1.7 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2), is expected to exist in the vapor phase in the ambient
atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,4-dichlorobenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with
photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is
estimated to be 50 days(3,SRC).
Environmental Biodegradation:
Chlorobenzenes have been observed to degrade under aerobic but not anaerobic
conditions. ... The chlorobenzenes, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and
1,2,3-trichlorobenzene decomposed under aerobic conditions in the aquifer near the Glatt
River and are suggested to have degraded to chlorinated phenols and catechols. ... The
rate of degradation was slower than for the alkyl aromatics, perhaps because the breaking
of the halogen bond slows the process. Chlorobenzenes in a Swiss study persisted for at
least seven years under anaerobic conditions. The above chlorobenzenes also decomposed
above but not below the water table in a shallow fluvial aquifer in Oklahoma.
An unspecified initial concn of 1,4-dichlorobenzene was biodegraded between 25 and 90
percent in soil column experiments using sediment from the Rhine River over a 300 day
incubation period(1). Dichlorobenzene isomers were slowly biodegraded (6.3% of theoretical
CO2 evolution in 10 weeks) in an alkaline soil sample(2). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was slowly
biodegraded by an acclimated anaerobic sediment slurry obtained from the Tsurumi River,
Japan(3). The first-order biodegradation rate constant was 0.0018 days-1, corresponding to
a half-life of about 385 days(3). No biotransformation of 1,4-dichlorobenzene was observed
in an anaerobic Rhine River sediment column over a 12 month period(4). The first-order
biodegradation rate of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in a biofilm system was 5.0-20.0X10-4 days-1,
corresponding to half-lives on the order of a year or longer(5). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was
not biodegraded in aquifers from Vejen and Grindsted, Denmark during a 50 day incubation
period(6). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was found to be degradation-resistant using the Japanese
MITI test(7).
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,4-dichlorobenzene with
photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 3.2X10-13 cu
cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 50
days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC).
1,4-Dichlorobenzene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the
lack of functional groups to hydrolyze(SRC).
Environmental Bioconcentration:
BIOACCUMULATION INCR WITH LOG P OCT (PARTITION COEFFICIENT OF SUBSTANCE BETWEEN
N-OCTANOL & WATER), UNTIL REACHING AN OPTIMUM AT LOG POCT= 6.5.
A mean BCF value of 78 was measured in mosquito fish exposed to 57-233 ug/l of
1,4-dichlorobenzene during 1 to 4 day incubation periods(1). Mean BCF values of 370 to 720
were experimentally determined for rainbow trout exposed to unspecified concns of
1,4-dichlorobenzene up to 119 days in laboratory aquariums(2). A whole body BCF of 60 was
determined for bluegill sunfish exposed to 1,4-dichlorobenzene over a 28-day period in a
continuous flow system(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these BCF values
suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high.
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
An experimental Koc value of 273(1) was determined for 1,4-dichlorobenzene in silt loam
soil and a value of 390 was reported in Lincoln fine sand(2). A log Koc value of 4.8 was
measured for 1,4-dichlorobenzene from sediment of Lake Ketelmeer, Netherlands(3).
According to a recommended classification scheme(4), these Koc values suggest that
1,4-dichlorobenzene has moderate to low mobility in soil(SRC).
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant for 1,4-dichlorobenzene is 2.7X10-3 atm-cu m/mole at 20 deg
C(1). This value indicates that 1,4-dichlorobenzene will volatilize from water(2,SRC).
Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m
deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 4
hours(2,SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05
m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 120 hours(2,SRC).
1,4-Dichlorobenzene's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist
soil surfaces is expected. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene is expected to volatilize from dry soil
surfaces based on a vapor pressure of 1.7 mm Hg at 25 deg C(3).
Environmental Water Concentrations:
DRINKING WATER: A mean 1,4-dichlorobenzene concn of 0.013 ppb was reported in drinking
water samples from 3 cities near Lake Ontario in 1980(1). A concn of 0.5 ppb was detected
in Miami, FL drinking water and qualitative detections were reported for Philadelphia, PA
and Cincinnati, OH(2). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified in Cleveland, OH
tap water(3) and 14 drinking water supply sources in the United Kingdom(4).
1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected at an avg concn of below 1 ppb in 30 potable Canadian
water sources(5). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected at mean concns of 0.60-0.74 ppb in 9 of
945 finished water supplies in the US(6). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not
quantified, in chlorine treated drinking water in the US(7) and a municipal well in Eau
Claire, WI(8). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected in 11 percent of 11,659 samples of
California drinking water at a mean concn of 1.15 ug/l(9). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was
identified, not quantified, in drinking water from Milan, Italy(10).
GROUNDWATER: 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected in 19 of 685 groundwaters analyzed in NJ
during 1977-1979 with 995 ppb the highest concn found(1). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected
at concns of less than 4 ng/l to 7 ng/l in groundwater from the Edwards Aquifer, TX(2).
1,4-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified, in groundwater from the Lower
Llobregat aquifer in Spain(3). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected in groundwater near
Boulder, CO (0.5 ppb) and Phoenix, AZ (0.07 ppb)(4). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected in
groundwater collected in Texas at concns of 0-33 ppb(5).
SURFACE WATERS: 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected in 26 of 463 surface waters analyzed
in NJ during 1977-1979 with 30.5 ppb the highest concn found(1). Mean 1,4-dichlorobenzene
concns of 45, 4 and 10 parts per trillion were found in Lake Ontario, Lake Huron and the
Grand River, respectively(2). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected at concns of 9-310 parts
per trillion (mean concn of 36 parts per trillion) in the Niagara River at
Niagara-On-The-Lake between 1981 and 1983(3) and concns of 9-110 parts per trillion (mean
concn of 24 parts per trillion) were detected elsewhere in the Niagara River between 1981
and 1983(4). An avg concn of 48 parts per trillion was found in the Niagara River near
Niagara-On-The-Lake between Sept and Oct 1982(5). Positive detection of
1,4-dichlorobenzene was reported by 3 percent of 8,576 USEPA STORET stations(6).
1,4-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified, in the Delaware and Raritan Canal in
NJ(7). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected at concns below 0.5 ppb in the Rhine River between
1978-1982(8). An avg 1,4-dichlorobenzene concn of 0.19 ppb was found in the Rhine River
near Dusseldorf in 1984(9). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected at mean concns of 2.82 ng/l
(Edwards Point) and 1.56 ng/l(Port Lambton) in Ontario, Canada(10). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
was detected at concns of 0-0.3 ug/l in Lake Ketelmeer, Netherlands(11).
1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected in rivers in Osaka, Japan at a mean concn of 0.20
ug/l(12). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected at a median concn of 158 ng per cubic decimeter
in the Scheldt estuary, Netherlands(13). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected in the Elbe
River, Germany at concns of 6.5-49 ng/l(14).
RAIN/SNOW: A mean 1,4-dichlorobenzene concn of 0.66 parts per trillion was detected in
Portland, OR rainwater during March-April 1982 and a mean concn of 5.5 parts per trillion
was detected between October-December(1). The avg concn of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in
rainwater in Portland, OR was 4.1 parts per trillion in 1984(2).
Effluent Concentrations:
1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected in the ash of municipal waste incinerators in the US
at concns of 51, 11 and 26 ug/kg(1). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected at a concn of 0.51
ug/cu m in the effluent of a hazardous waste incinerator in Germany(2).
1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected at mean concns of less than 0.05 to 0.18 mg/cu m in the
air of municipal landfills in Finland(3). The annual US emission of 1,4-dichlorobenzene
was 409 tons in 1990(4). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene has been detected in the leachate of
municipal landfills in the US at concns of 1-250 g/l(5). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene is one of the
most frequently observed organic compounds in landfill leachate, occurring at concns of
0.1-16 ug/l(6).
Sediment/Soil Concentrations:
1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected in the sediment of Lake Ketelmeer, Netherlands at
concns of 550 and 210 ng/kg(1). Mean 1,4-dichlorobenzene concns of 5, 16, 9 and 94 ppb
were detected in the superficial sediments from Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario,
respectively(2). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected at concns of less than 0.3 ng/g to 0.8
ng/g in the sediment of 7 rivers and ports in Niigata, Japan(3). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was
detected at concns of 110-150 ng/g in suspended sediment from Lake Ontario, at depths of
20-68 meters and an avg concn of 63 ng/g for the bottom sediment(4). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
was identified, not quantified, in sediment from Dokai Bay, Japan(5). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
was detected at median concns of 91, 68, 50 and 39 ng/g in sediment taken from the Scheldt
estuary, Netherlands(6). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected in sediment at concns of 200-550
ug/kg in Lake Ketelmeer, Netherlands(7). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected in sediment off
the coast of Taiwan at concns of 3-12 ng/kg(8).
Atmospheric Concentrations:
In workplace atmospheres associated with the manufacture of 1,4- dichlorobenzene,
measurements were made that found 1,4-dichlorobenzene at air concentrations averaging 204
mg/cu m (Range: from 42-288 mg/cu m) near shoveling and centrifuging, and 150 mg/cu m
(Range: from 108-204 mg/cu m) during pulverizing and packaging. No concentrations less
than 48 mg/cu m were found.
1,4-Dichlorobenzenes were detected in a residential area and on a main street in Tokyo,
alongside a major highway 30 km northwest of Tokyo, and on a farm 15 km northwest of Tokyo
at concn of 4.2x10-3 mg/cu m, 2.9x10-3 mg/cu m, 2.4x10-3 mg/cu m and 2.1x10-3 mg/cu m,
respectively.
Concentrations (mean) of para-dichlorobenzene were: 0.05 ppb (detected in 32 of 38
samples) in Newark, NJ; 0.07 ppb (30 of 37 samples) in Elizabeth NJ; and 0.04 ppb (34 of
35 samples) in Camden NJ during July-August 1981.
URBAN/SUBURBAN: The mean 1,4-dichlorobenzene concentrations from 36 source-dominant
points and 392 urban/suburban points in the US have been reported to be 2.6 and 290 parts
per trillion, respectively(1). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected at mean concns of 20 ppb
(Portland, OR) and 290 ppb (unspecified urban locations in the US)(2). Combined 1,3- and
1,4-dichlorobenzene was detected in the air of Bayonne, NJ at concns of 1.2-1.7 ug/cu m,
in Los Angeles, CA at concns of 9.4 and 24 ug/cu m and Contra Costa, CA at 2.2 ug/cu m(3).
Mean concns of 0.04-0.07 ppb of 1,4-dichlorobenzene were detected in the air of 3 NJ
cities during July-August 1981(4). The urban air of Tokyo contained 1,4-dichlorobenzene at
concns of 2.7-4.2 ug/cu m, while suburban Tokyo air contained 1,4-dichlorobenzene at
concns of 1.5-2.4 ug/cu m(5). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected at a mean concn of 0.15 ppb
in Washington DC(6). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected at a mean concn of 4.16 ug/cu m in
44 urban/suburban locations in the US from 1976-1986 and at a mean concn of 1.04 ug/cu m
in 11 US cities in 1990(7).
RURAL/REMOTE: 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified, in the Sierra
Mountains, CA(1) and in a forest in Germany(2).
INDOOR AIR: The mean 3-day concn of dichlorobenzene isomers was 0-7 ug/cu m in 7
buildings in the US(1). The combined isomers of dichlorobenzene were identified, not
quantified, in 10 of 14 indoor air samples from 4 buildings in the US(1).
1,4-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified, in the indoor air from 26 of 26
buildings in Finland(2). The mean concn of 1,4-dichlorobenzene measured in houses in
Kuwait from Dec 1994 to Jan 1995 was 742 ug/cu m(3). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected in
homes of non-smokers at a mean concn of 3.45 ug/cu m and homes of smokers at a mean concn
of 10.22 ug/cu m(4). The median concn of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in homes in Italy, Germany,
the Netherlands and the US was 5 ug/cu m(5). The max concn of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in 300
Dutch homes was 299 ug/cu m(6).
Food Survey Values:
1,2-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not quantified in 69 of 234 table ready foods in
the US at an avg concn of 10.7 ppb(1). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected in scrambled eggs
at concns of 18 and 28 ng/g(2). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected in butter (1.3-2.7
ug/kg), margarine (12.2-14.5 ug/kg), peanut butter(1.2-8.8 ug/kg), flour(7.3 ug/kg) and
pastry mix (22 ug/kg)(3). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected at a concn of 5 ng/g in market
meat samples in Yugoslavia(4). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected in carrots (0.198 and
0.416 mg/kg), potatoes (0.0224 mg/kg), cauliflower(0.214 and 0.529 mg/kg), lettuce (0.237
and 0.118 mg/kg), beans(0.717 and 0.117 mg/kg), peas(1.31 mg/kg) and tomatoes(0.619
mg/kg)(5).
Plant Concentrations:
1,4-Dichlorobenzene has been detected at unspecified concns in the roots of wheat
plants grown from lindane-treated seeds(1). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was identified, not
quantified, in plant material grown in an Illinois coal refuse reclamation site(2).
Fish/Seafood Concentrations:
... Detectable levels of 1,4-dichlorobenzene /were found/ in fish of the Japanese
coastal waters. A species of mackerel ... contained 0.05 mg/kg (wet weight).
1,4-Dichlorobenzene was detected at concns of 1, 4 and 2-4 ppb in trout taken from Lake
Erie, Lake Huron and Lake Ontario, respectively, during 1980(1). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was
identified, not quantified, in fish caught in the Great Lakes(2) and detected in fish and
mussels from Slovenia at concns of trace amounts to 0.45 ug/g(3). Mackerel caught in
Japanese coastal waters contained 1,4-dichlorobenzene at a concn of 0.05 mg/kg(4).
Animal Concentrations:
Bovine tissue with an unusual smell was reported to contain 1,4-dichlorobenzene concn
of 4.4-55.9 mg/kg in muscle, 165 mg/kg in perirenal fat, 11.3 mg/kg in pancreas, 1.9 mg/kg
in lung, 3.4 mg/kg in liver and 2.8 mg/kg in spleen(1). Samples of adipose tissue from
pigeons captured in central and suburban Tokyo contained mean concn of 1.35-2.43 mg/kg(1).
Milk Concentrations:
Concentrations of 5.3 ng/g 1,4-dichlorobenzene were found in market milk samples in
Yugoslavia(1).
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of
older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions
about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health
and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1,
1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all
pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996.
Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date
of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for
human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and
List D pesticides of less concern. p-Dichlorobenzene is
found on List C. Case No: 3058; Pesticide type: Insecticide, fungicide, rodenticide,
antimicrobial; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding
its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's
eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision
(RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): p-Dichlorobenzene; Data
Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 10/02/92, 02/07/95; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has
made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and
are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.
TSCA Requirements:
Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report
preliminary assessment information concerned with production, use, and exposure to EPA.
Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulagated a model Health and Safety Data
Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and
processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of
unpublished health and safety studies. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene is included on this list.
CERCLA Reportable Quantities:
Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response
Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance,
in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.5 kg. The
toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area
(202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR
302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
RCRA Requirements:
U072; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when 1,4-dichlorobenzene, as a commercial
chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial
chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be
managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a
hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from
the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small
quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste
regulations (40 CFR 261.5).
D027; A solid waste containing 1,4-dichlorobenzene may or may not become characterized
as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.
Atmospheric Standards:
This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI).
The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and
reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous
emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health
and environmental impact and energy requirements. p-Dichlorobenzene
is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units
covered under this subpart.
Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious
health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards
requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is
required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air
emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene is
included on this list.
Clean Water Act Requirements:
Designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and
1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance.
Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act and is
subject to effluent limitations.
Federal Drinking Water Standards:
EPA 75 ug/l
Federal Drinking Water Guidelines:
EPA 75 ug/l
State Drinking Water Standards:
(CA) CALIFORNIA 5 ug/l
(MA) MASSACHUSETTS 5 ug/l
State Drinking Water Guidelines:
(AZ) ARIZONA 75 ug/l
(CT) CONNECTICUT 75 ug/l
(ME) MAINE 27 ug/l
(MN) MINNESOTA 10 ug/l
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C6-H4-Cl2
Molecular Weight:
147.0
Color/Form:
White crystals
MONOCLINIC PRISMS, LEAVES FROM ACETONE
Available as pure crystals
Colorless or white crystalline solid ...
Odor:
DISTINCTIVE AROMATIC ODOR BECOMES VERY STRONG AT CONCN BETWEEN 30 & 60 PPM
Penetrating odor
... Mothball-like odor.
Boiling Point:
174 DEG C @ 760 MM HG
Melting Point:
52.7 DEG C
Corrosivity:
NON-CORROSIVE
Critical Temperature & Pressure:
Crticial temperature: 407.5 deg C; Critical pressure: 4109 kPa
Density/Specific Gravity:
1.2475 g/ml @ 20 DEG C/4 DEG C
Heat of Vaporization:
297.4 J/g
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
Log Kow= 3.44
Solubilities:
Sol in chloroform, carbon disulfide, benzene, ether, alcohol.
Very soluble in ethanol and acetone; soluble in ether.
In water, 76 mg/l at 25 dec C.
Spectral Properties:
Intense mass spectral peaks: 146 m/z (100%), 148 m/z (64%), 111 m/z (35%), 75 m/z (22%)
IR: 4279 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection)
UV: 55 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
NMR: 715 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection)
MASS: 818 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York)
Surface Tension:
31.4 dynes/cm
Vapor Density:
5.08
Vapor Pressure:
1.74 mm Hg at 25 deg C /from experimentally derived coefficients/
Viscosity:
0.839 mNXsXm-2 @ 55 deg C; 0.668 mNXsXm-2 @ 79 deg C
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
NON-STAINING
Conversion factors: 1 mg/l = 166.3 ppm, 1 ppm = 6.01 mg/cu m at 25 dec C, 760 mm Hg
PERCENT IN SATURATED AIR: 0.2 (25 DEG C)
EQUIVALENCIES: 1 MG/L= 166.3 PPM AND 1 PPM= 6.01 MG/CU M @ 25 DEG C AND 760 MM HG
Heat of fusion = 123.8 J/g
Liquid thermal conductivity= 0.105 W/m.K
Dielectric constant= 2.3943 at 328.2 K
Dipole moment: 0
Henry's Law constant = 2.7X10-3 atm cu-m/mol @ 20 deg C
Hydroxyl radical rate constant = 3.2X10-13 cu cm/molc sec @ 25 deg C
Heat Capacity of Liquid= 1.188 J/g
Heat of Formation of Liquid= -284.6 J/g
Heat of Fusion= 123.8 J/g
Crystals sublime at ordinary temperatures
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin
contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating,
corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive
and/or toxic and cause pollution.
Fire or explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be
transported in a molten form.
Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or leak area
immediately for at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions. Keep
unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the manufacturer.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing is recommended for fire situations ONLY; it
is not effective in spill situations.
Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE
for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800
meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Water spray, fog or
regular foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire
control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Do not use straight
streams. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or
use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool
containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw
immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from the ends of tanks. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or
monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Spill or leak: Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing
appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry
into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent
spreading . Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and
transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply artificial
respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim
ingested or inhaled the substance; induce artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket
mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer
oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In
case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at
least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to
substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s)
involved, and take precautions to protect themselves.
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Exposure to p-dichlorobenzene may cause
irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat.
VAPORS AND SPRAYS ARE IRRITATING TO EYES, NOSE & THROAT.
NFPA Hazard Classification:
Health: 2. 2= Materials that, on intense or continued (but not chronic) exposure, could
cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury, including those requiring the
use of respiratory protective equipment that has an independent air supply. These
materials are hazardous to health, but areas may be entered freely if personnel are
provided with full-face mask self-contained breathing apparatus that provides complete eye
protection.
Flammability: 2. 2= Includes materials that must be moderately heated before ignition
will occur and includes Class II and IIIA combustible liquids and solids and semi-solids
that readily give off ignitible vapors. Water spray may be used to extinguish fires in
these materials because the materials can be cooled below their flash points.
Reactivity: 0. 0= Includes materials that are normally stable, even under fire exposure
conditions, and that do not react with water. Normal fire fighting procedures may be used.
Flash Point:
150 Deg F (closed cup)
Fire Fighting Procedures:
USE WATER SPRAY, DRY CHEM, FOAM, OR CARBON DIOXIDE. WATER MAY BE INEFFECTIVE ... USE
WATER TO KEEP FIRE-EXPOSED CONTAINERS COOL. IF LEAK OR SPILL HAS NOT IGNITED, USE WATER
SPRAY TO DISPERSE VAPORS & PROTECT MEN ATTEMPTING TO STOP LEAK. WATER SPRAY MAY BE
USED TO FLUSH SPILLS AWAY FROM EXPOSURES. /O-DICHLOROBENZENE/
Toxic Combustion Products:
Toxic gases and vapors (such as hydrogen chloride and carbon monoxide) may be released
in a fire involving p-dichlorobenzene.
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
DANGEROUS: WHEN HEATED TO DECOMPOSITION OR ON CONTACT WITH ACIDS OR ACID FUMES THEY
EVOLVE HIGHLY TOXIC /HYDROGEN CHLORIDE/ FUMES. CAN REACT VIGOROUSLY WITH OXIDIZING
MATERIALS.
Strong oxidizers (such as chlorine or permanganate).
Hazardous Decomposition:
DANGEROUS: WHEN HEATED TO DECOMPOSITION IT EMITS TOXIC /HYDROGEN/ CHLORIDE FUMES.
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
NIOSH considers p-dichlorobenzene to be a
potential occupational carcinogen.
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... dispensers of liq detergent /should be
available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal
laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece
& close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In
chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should
not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be
necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might
provide addnl protection. ... gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a
reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that
workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation
involving the wearing of eye protection.
Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work
area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended
that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the
substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what
constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In
certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the
availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.]
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: At concentrations above the NIOSH
REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration. Respirator Class(es): Any
self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a
pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that has a
full facepiece and is operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in
combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in
pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring
respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator
(gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister. Any
appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
Preventive Measures:
Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is
conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only
upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance,
characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment,
and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose
irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be
harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any
event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in
place.
SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of
point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area.
Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the
most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or
of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should
be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after
completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ...
hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly.
Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on
nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of
organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting.
/Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove
their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece &
close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... clothing
should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ...
/also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns
should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full
protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with
particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If
gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of
lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... operations connected with synth &
purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures
... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be
removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ...
& when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for
decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without
... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air
pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens
will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety
cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust
air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet,
& contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal
laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area
towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used
... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it,
giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically
& after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or biochem lab
also apply to microbiological & cell-culture labs ... Special consideration should be
given to route of admin. ... Safest method of administering volatile carcinogen is by
injection of a soln. Admin by topical application, gavage, or intratracheal instillation
should be performed under hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be kept under hood
during this period. Inhalation exposure requires special equipment. ... unless
specifically required, routes of admin other than in the diet should be used. Mixing of
carcinogen in diet should be carried out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from which the
exhaust is fitted with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for cleaning mixer
& hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing diets, special protective
clothing &, possibly, respirators may be required. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied to skin,
animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms & sides & fitted with a filter
top. When volatile carcinogens are given, filter tops should not be used. Cages which have
been used to house animals that received carcinogens should be decontaminated.
Cage-cleaning facilities should be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used,
to avoid moving of ... contaminated /cages/. It is difficult to ensure that cages are
decontaminated, & monitoring methods are necessary. Situations may exist in which the
use of disposable cages should be recommended, depending on type & amt of carcinogen
& efficiency with which it can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ... contamination in
lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should be carried out on lab
atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors & benches, & ... interior of fume
hoods & airducts. As well as regular monitoring, check must be carried out after
cleaning-up of spillage. Sensitive methods are required when testing lab atmospheres for
/chemical carcinogens/. Methods ... should ... where possible, be simple & sensitive.
... /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in which obvious contamination has
occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab personnel engaged in expt.
Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of permanent equipment. ... Procedures
should ensure that maintenance workers are not exposed to carcinogens. ... Particular care
should be taken to avoid contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning labs,
procedures should be used which do not produce aerosols or dispersal of dust, ie, wet mop
or vacuum cleaner equipped with high-efficiency particulate filter on exhaust, which are
avail commercially, should be used. Sweeping, brushing & use of dry dusters or mops
should be prohibited. Grossly contaminated cleaning materials should not be re-used ... If
gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent to laundry, but ...
decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to laundry personnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where carcinogens are
used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate labels. Access ... limited to
persons involved in expt. ... A prominently displayed notice should give the name of the
Scientific Investigator or other person who can advise in an emergency & who can
inform others (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances. /Chemical
Carcinogens/
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.
The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift.
Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and
replaced.
Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated
clothing before leaving the work premises.
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in
commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is
properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as
required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for
transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a
number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such
substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should
always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when
shipping any substance or article.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should
be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass
bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top
container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen.
Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National
post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations
governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before
... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following
procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed,
watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second,
unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen
(secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be
filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen
& is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of
breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer
box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with
an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most
secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not
received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to
find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday
... /Chemical Carcinogens/
Storage Conditions:
MATERIALS WHICH ARE TOXIC AS STORED OR WHICH CAN DECOMPOSE INTO TOXIC COMPONENTS ...
SHOULD BE STORED IN A COOL WELL VENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF THE DIRECT RAYS OF THE SUN, AWAY
FROM AREAS OF HIGH FIRE HAZARD, AND SHOULD BE PERIODICALLY INSPECTED. INCOMPATIBLE
MATERIALS SHOULD BE ISOLATED ...
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable
to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ...
expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an
explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that
bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen
& date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to
storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/
STORE IN COOL, DRY, WELL-VENTILATED LOCATION AWAY FROM ANY AREA WHERE FIRE HAZARD MAY
BE ACUTE. SEPARATE FROM OXIDIZING MATERIALS.
Cleanup Methods:
Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to
trap material at bottom. If dissolved in region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply
activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction
hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and
precipitates. Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid
material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should
be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet
to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA)
or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated
safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is
designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating
maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags
immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed
bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in
proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly
labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ...
is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken
glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or
in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Disposal Methods:
Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant,
EPA hazardous waste number U072, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage,
transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.
p-Dichlorobenzene may be disposed of: 1) by
making packages of p-dichlorobenzene in paper or
other flammable material and burning in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an
appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. 2) By dissolving p-dichlorobenzene
in a flammable solvent (such as alcohol) and atomizing in a suitable
combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.
Recommendable method: Incineration.
... Halogenated compounds may be disposed of by incineration provided they are blended
with other compatible wastes or fuels so that the composite contains less than 30%
halogens and the heating value is from 7000 to 9000 BTU/lb. Liquid injection, rotary kiln,
and fluidized bed incinerators are typically used to destroy liquid halogenated wastes.
... Temperatures of at least 2000 - 2200 deg F and residence times /of more than 2 sec/
... are required for the destruction of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons.
EPA A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to
1,600 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that
has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem
destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing
waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as
guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Total destruction ... by incineration may be
only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt.
However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose.The most efficient type ... is
probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than
stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are
designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary
... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively,
chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in
laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor)
filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed
material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this
treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal
should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID
WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be
disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens
or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... small quantities of ... some carcinogens
can be destroyed using chem reactions ... but no general rules can be given. ... As a
general technique ... treatment with sodium dichromate in strong sulfuric acid can be
used. The time necessary for destruction ... is seldom known ... but 1-2 days is generally
considered sufficient when freshly prepd reagent is used. ... Carcinogens that are easily
oxidizable can be destroyed with milder oxidative agents, such as sat soln of potassium
permanganate in acetone, which appears to be a suitable agent for destruction of
hydrazines or of compounds containing isolated carbon-carbon double bonds. Concn or 50%
aqueous sodium hypochlorite can also be used as an oxidizing agent. /Chemical Carcinogens/
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Carcinogens that are alkylating, arylating or
acylating agents per se can be destroyed by reaction with appropriate nucleophiles, such
as water, hydroxyl ions, ammonia, thiols & thiosulfate. The reactivity of various
alkylating agents varies greatly ... & is also influenced by sol of agent in the
reaction medium. To facilitate the complete reaction, it is suggested that the agents be
dissolved in ethanol or similar solvents. ... No method should be applied ... until it has
been thoroughly tested for its effectiveness & safety on material to be inactivated.
For example, in case of destruction of alkylating agents, it is possible to detect
residual compounds by reaction with 4(4-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine. /Chemical Carcinogens/
Chemical Treatability of 1,4-Dichlorobenzene; Concentration Process: Stripping;
Chemical Classification: Aromatic; Scale of Study: Full Scale, Continuous Flow; Type of
Wastewater Used: Domestic Wastewater; Results of Study: 90% reduction by air stripping.
Chemical Treatability of 1,4-Dichlorobenzene; Concentration Process: Activated Carbon;
Chemical Classification: Aromatic; Scale of Study: Full scale, Continuous Flow; Type of
Wastewater Used: Domestic Wastewater; Results of Study: 60% removal; (treatment of
effluent from 0.66 cu m/sec biological system).
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 75 ppm (450 mg/cu m).
Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 75 ppm (450 mg/cu m); STEL 110 ppm (675 mg/cu m) is still
enforced in some states.
Threshold Limit Values:
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 10 ppm
A3. A3= Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three
times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no
circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not
exceeded.
NIOSH Recommendations:
NIOSH considers p-dichlorobenzene to be a
potential occupational carcinogen.
NIOSH usually recommends that occupational exposures to carcinogens be limited to the
lowest feasible concn.
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
NIOSH considers p-dichlorobenzene to be a
potential occupational carcinogen.
Other Occupational Permissible Levels:
USSR MAC to skin is 20 mg/cu m of air
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
INSECTICIDAL FUMIGANT; POPULAR FOR DOMESTIC USE AGAINST CLOTHES MOTHS
Moth repellent, general insecticide, germicide, space odorant, manufacture of
2,5-dichloroaniline, dyes, intermediates, pharmacy, agricultural.
p-Dichlorobenzene is sometimes used as a
deodorant for garbage and restrooms, as well as an insecticide for control of fruit borers
and ants.
May be applied to tobacco seed beds for blue mold control; for the control of peach
tree borer; and mildew and mold on leather and fabrics.
Gallery injections with 6 insecticides and 3 fumigants were tested for comparative
effectiveness in controlling Prionoxystus robiniae (Peck), and Paranthrene simulans
(Grote). The three fumigants (carbon disulfide, Serafume, and paradichlorobenzene)
provided complete control.
It is used as an additive in resin-bonded abrasive wheels to provide a more open
structure, and vaporizes during the curing operation leaving pores and wider grain
spacing.
Hydrolysis of 1,4-dichlorobenzene with cupric salts and hydroxylamine gives the
para-chlorophenols.
Intermediate for dyestuff
The reaction of p-dichlorobenzene with sodium
sulfide in a polar organic solvent to produce poly(phenylene sulfide) /An engineering
plastic used for surface coatings and model resins/.
Para-dichlorobenzene may have had minor use as an extreme-pressure lubricant.
... applications include use as an intermediate in organic synthesis and as on animal
repellant.
Use in pig stalls as an odor control agent
Manufacturers:
Monsanto Co, Hq 800 N Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, Mo 63167, (314) 694-1000; Production
site: Monsanto Chemical Co, Sauget IL 62201
PPG Industries, Inc, Hq One PPG Place, Pittsburgh, PA 15272, (412) 434-3131; Production
site: Chemicals Group, PO Box 161, New Martinsville, WV, Natrium, WV 26155
Standard Chlorine Chemical Co, Inc, Hq 1035 Belleville Turnpike, Kearny, NJ 07032,
(201) 997-1700; Production site: Governor Lea Road, Delaware City, DE 19706
Methods of Manufacturing:
PREPARATION BY SANDMEYER PROCEDURE FROM THE APPROPRIATE CHLOROANILINE, AND, ALONG WITH
ORTHO- AND PARA-DICHLOROBENZENES, BY CHLORINATION OF CHLOROBENZENE.
para-Dichlorobenzene is ... produced commercially by the direct chlorination of benzene
in the liquid phase in the presence of Friedel-crafts catalyst (usually ferric oxide) and
fractionation of the resulting mixture of chlorinated benzenes.
General Manufacturing Information:
BY-PRODUCT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MONOCHLOROBENZENE BY DIRECT CHLORINATION OF BENZENE
SEPARATION OF MIXT CONTAINING M-, O-, & P-DICHLOROBENZENES BY DISTILLATION &
CRYSTALLIZATION: MUELLER, WOLZ, FRENCH PATENT 1,374,863 (1964 TO BAYER), CA 62, 493E
(1965), CORRESPONDING TO BRITISH PATENT 999,845.
Formulations/Preparations:
COMMERCIAL PARA-DICHLOROBENZENE IS AVAIL IN USA AS TECHNICAL GRADE LIQUID
Crystalline material pressed into various forms; solutions in volatile solvents or in
an oil suspension.
Technical grade with high purity: 100% in crystalline form and 99.92% in liquid form
(on an anhydrous basis)
IT IS ALSO AVAIL AS CRYSTALS IN SEVERAL PARTICLE SIZES CONTAINING NO DETECTABLE
IMPURITIES.
Impurities:
COMMERCIAL PARA-DICHLOROBENZENE IS AVAIL IN USA AS TECHNICAL GRADE LIQUID TYPICALLY
CONTAINING 0.08% BY WT OF MIXT OF META & ORTHO ISOMERS.
Typical composition for para-dichlorobenzene has been reported: ortho-dichlorobenzene,
< 0.5% meta-dichlorobenzene, < 0.5% and monochlorobenzene and trichlorobenzenes,
< 0.1%
Consumption Patterns:
35-40% FOR MOTH CONTROL; 35-40% AS SPACE DEODORANT; 25% OR LESS FOR MISC APPLICATIONS
INCLUDING USE AS A DYE INTERMEDIATE AND IN INSECTICIDE MANUFACTURE (1972)
Space deodorant, 55%; moth control, 35%; and other applications, 10% (1978)
CHEMICAL PROFILE: p-Dichlorobenzene. Demand:
1995: 70 million lb; 1996: 75 million lb; 2000 /projected/: 82 million lb.
Synthetic fabrics, which do not require proofing, as well as decline in consumption due
to availability of less costly /equally efficient products will produce growth rate of 2
to 3%/year through 1983.
U. S. Production:
(1972) 3.5X10+10 GRAMS
(1975) 2.08X10+10 GRAMS
(1977) 16 to 116X10+6 lb
(1981) 15X10+6 lb
U. S. Imports:
(1978) 1.09X10+7 g
U. S. Exports:
(1972) 4.5X10+9 GRAMS
Laboratory Methods:
Clinical Laboratory Methods:
The measurement of 2,5-dichlorophenol concn in urine provides a useful index of
exposure to p-dichlorobenzene. ... 2,5-Dichlorophenol
has been determined in urine by colorimetry, but this method is subject to interference by
other phenolic substances. A more specific procedure is presented which involves gas
chromatography with electron-capture detection.
DETERMINATION OF CHLOROBENZENES (INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS) MONOCHLOROBENZENE THROUGH
HEXACHLOROBENZENE @ PPB LEVELS IN HUMAN URINE & BLOOD SAMPLES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
WITH PHOTOIONIZATION DETECTION. /CHLOROBENZENES/
A method was developed to analyze rat tissue, fat and blood for some chlorinated
compounds found in an extract of soil from an industrial waste site. Extraction with
hexane and ethyl ether-hexane (1 + 1) was followed by concentration over steam, and gas
chromatographic analysis with an electron capture detector. Volatile compounds were
analyzed in a glass column coated with 6% SP-2100 plus 4% OV-11 on Chromosorb W
Semivolatile compounds, chlorinated compounds and pesticides were analyzed in a 70 m glass
capillary column coated with 5% OV-101. Phenols were analyzed in a glass column packed
with 1% SP-1240 DA on Supelcoport. The most efficient means of separation was to use the
same glass column for volatile compounds, a DB-5 fused silica capillary column for
semivolatile compounds, pesticides and phenols, and the same 1% SP-1240 DA glass column
for separation of beta-BHC and pentachlorophenol. Recoveries ranged from 86.3 + or - 9.1%
(mean + or - SD) to 105 + or - 10.4%. Sensitivities for semivolatile chlorinated
compounds, pesticides and phenols were 4 ng/g for fat, 1 ng/g for tissue, and 0.2 ng/ml
for blood. Sensitivities for volatile compounds were 4 fold higher (16, 4, 0.8,
respectively). Sensitivities for dichlorobenzenes and dichlorotoluenes were 8 ng/g for
fat, 2 ng/g for tissue and 0.4 ng/ml for blood.
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
NIOSH 1003-2. Analyte: 1,4-Dichlorobenzene; Matrix: Air; Procedure: Gas chromatography,
flame ionization detector; Desorption: 1 ml CS2, stand 30 min; Range: 0.2 to 4 mg/samp;
Precision: 0.052; Est LOD: 0.01 mg/samp; Interferences: None /Hydrocarbons, halogenated/
OSW Method 8010B. Determination of Halogenated Volatile Organics by Gas Chromatography.
OSW Method 8020A. Determination of Aromatic Volatile Organics by Gas Chromatography.
OSW Method 8120A. Determination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons by Gas Chromatography.
OSW Method 8240B. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS).
OSW Method 8250A. Determination of Semivolatile Organic Compounds by Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry.
OSW Method 8260A. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS): Capillary Column Technique.
OSW Method 8270B. Determination of semivolatile organic compounds by gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC:MS). Capillary column technique.
EPA Method 601. Purgeable Halocarbons in Wastewater by Gas Chromatography with
Electrolytic Conductivity Detection.
EPA Method 602. Purgeable Aromatics in Wastewater by Gas Chromatography with
Photoionization Detection.
EPA Method 612. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Wastewater by Gas Chromatography with
Electron Capture Detection.
EPA Method 624. Protocol for the Analysis of Purgeable Organic Priority Pollutants in
Industrial and Municipal Wastewater.
EPA Method 625. Protocol for the Analysis of Base/Neutral and Acid Extractable (BNA)
Organic Priority Pollutants in Industrial and Municipal Wastewater.
EPA Method 1625. Semivolatile Organic Compounds by Isotope Dilution GCMS.
Three analytical procedure that can be used to distinguish nephthalene from the less
toxic mothball component para-dichlorobenzene. An initial presumptive identification can
be made by noting the characteristic aroma of the two substances. This can be followed by
one of the three analytical tests, each of which is simple to perform, gives an answer in
seconds to minutes, and is definitive enough to eliminate the need for costly additional
testing at an analytical reference laboratory. These tests have as additional advantages
that the endpoints are dramatic and the reagents are commonly available.
Chlorinated benzenes have been found as contaminants in foods and water. Because of
differences in the electron capture response of the isomers at each chlorination level,
residue quantitation requires the separation of all 12 chlorobenzenes. Resolution studies
were made on packed and capillary columns coated with Kovats' Ca87H176 hydrocarbon,
OV-101, OV-210, OV-17 and Carbowax 20M. Satisfactory resolution of all 12 chlorobenzenes
was obtained with a Carbowax 20M-coated column operated isothermally at 120 deg C.
/Chlorinated benzenes/
Air Samples: ... An air sampling tube packed with two sections of Amberlite XAD-2 resin
separated by a silanized glass wool plug, to collect the chlorobenzenes /is used/. The
adsorbent is desorbed with carbon tetrachloride and analyzed by GC using a photoionization
detector. When using this method the minimum detection limits for mono-, di-, tri-,
tetra-, and pentachlorobenzenes are 15, 20, 30, 35, and 45 ppb (v/v), respectively.
/Chlorobenzenes/
An intergrated analytical procedure for determining chlorinated benzene contaminants
that enables quantitation of individual isomers as low as 0.4 ug/kg in sediment samples
was developed. Preparation of the sample can be performed by using 1 of 3 techniques,
namely, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic extraction, or steam distillation. Although all 3
methods are quantitative, the steam distillation method was found to be the most efficient
for the determination, insofar as time and simplicity are concerned. Chlorinated benzenes
were then characterized and quantified by open tubular column gas chromatography with
electron capture detection. Detection limits of this method were 0.4-1.0 ug/kg of
individual chlorobenzene isomers. Chlorobenzene recovery from bottom sediment samples at
concentration levels between 1 and 100 ug/kg was 86 +/- 14 %. /Chlorinated benzenes/
Sampling Procedures:
Two methods for the collection of ambient organic vapors at the ng/cu m to ug/cu m
level were utilized in field sampling at a residential site in Portland during the winter
and spring of 1984. The methods were adsorption/solvent extraction with polyurethane foam
plugs (ASE/PUFP) and adsorption/thermal desorption with Tenax-GC cartridges
(ATD/Tenax-GC). ASE/PUFP was used with a single sample flow rate in a single channel of
the sampler. ATD/Texax-GC was used with 2 different sample flow rates in 2 separate
channels. Each method was well suited to the analysis of compounds in a specific range of
volatility. Some intermediate-volatility compounds were determined with all 3 sampling
channels. The coefficients of variation for the 3 channels pooled over 7 events were 9-36%
for compounds in the range of volatility between acenaphthene and pyrene. The low sample
volumes used with ATD/Tenax-GC for determination at the ng/cu m level make it and
attractive method for many applications. /Ambient organic vapors/
Analyte: 1,4-Dichlorobenzene; Matrix: Air; Sampler: Solid sorbent tube (coconut shell
charcoal, 100 mg/50 mg); Flow rate: 0.01-0.2 l/min; Vol: min: 1 l at 75 ppm, max: 10 l;
Stability: not determined
Special References:
Special Reports:
USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Dichlorobenzenes (1980) EPA 440/5-80-039
HAWKINS DR ET AL, XENOBIOTICA; 10 (2): 81 (1980). DISCUSSES DISTRIBUTION, EXCRETION,
AND BIOTRANSFORMATION OF P-DICHLORO-(14)C-BENZENE IN RATS.
USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chlorinated Benzenes (1980) EPA 440/5-80-028
USEPA; Health Assessment Document: Chlorinated Benzenes (1985) EPA-600/8-84-015F
Commission of the European Communities, p-Dichlorobenzene 16
pp (1986) Pub No. EUR 10531EN. Review of p-dichlorobenzene which
indicates various names, formula, occurence, physical and chemical properties and other
significant data.
Chemical Review: 1,4-Dichlorobenzene. Dangerous Prop Ind Mater Rep 7 (4): 7-24 (1987).
Review of the health hazard, safety health and handling, and toxicology of
1,4-dichlorobenzene.
Reeves Rr, Pendaris RO; J Am Osteopath Assoc 85 (12): 806-8 (1985). A new method for
the differentiation of naphthalene and para-dichlorobenzene mothballs.
Canton JH et al; Resol Toxicol Pharmacol 5 (2): 123-31 (1985). Sixteen
chlorine/nitrogen containing compounds were classified into black (ie substances which
should be terminated as water pollutants) or gray (ie substances which should be decreased
as water pollutants) list substances on the basis of acute toxicity, biodegradability, and
accumulation.
Dichlorobenzenes, Dangerous Prop Ind Mater Rpt 6 (2): 50-7 (1986). Review of
dichlorobenzene toxicology, health hazards and safety measures.
Brusick DJ; IARC Sci Pub 77: 393-7 (1986). Genotoxicity of hexachlorobenzene and other
chlorinated benzenes.
51 FR 24657-67 (1986). Chlorinated benzenes, final test rule.
USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria Doc: ortho-Dichlorobenzene, meta-Dichlorobenzene,
para-Dichlorobenzene (Draft) 174p (1986). USA Environmental Protection Agency Drinking
Water Criteria Document on o-, m- and p-dichlorobenzene. This
criteria document is an extensive review of the following topics: Physical and chemical
properties of o-, m- and p-dichlorobenzene. Toxicokinetics
and human exposure to o-, m- and p-dichlorobenzene. Health
effects of o-, m- and p-dichlorobenzene in
humans and animals. Mechanisms of toxicity of o-, m- and p-dichlorobenzene.
Quantification of toxicological effects of o-, m- and p-dichlorobenzene.
WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 119: Principles and Methods for the Assessment of
Nephrotoxicity Associated with Exposure to Chemicals (1991)
DHHS/NTP; Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of 1,4-Dichlorobenzene in F344/N Rats
and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies) Technical Report Series No. 319 (1987) NIH Publication
No. 87-2575
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services/National Toxicology Program; 8th Report
on Carcinogens. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle
Park, NC. (1998)
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Related HSDB Records:
6372 [DICHLOROBENZENE] (Mixture)
Synonyms:
A13-0050
**PEER REVIEWED**
BENZENE, P-DICHLORO-
**PEER REVIEWED**
BENZENE, 1,4-DICHLORO-
**PEER REVIEWED**
P-CHLOROPHENYL CHLORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
P-DICHLOORBENZEEN (DUTCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
1,4-DICHLOORBENZEEN (DUTCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
P-DICHLORBENZOL (GERMAN)
**PEER REVIEWED**
1,4-DICHLOR-BENZOL (GERMAN)
**PEER REVIEWED**
DI-CHLORICIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
P-DICHLOROBENZENE
**PEER REVIEWED**
DICHLOROBENZENE, PARA, SOLID
**PEER REVIEWED**
P-DICHLOROBENZOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
P-DICLOROBENZENE (ITALIAN)
**PEER REVIEWED**
1,4-DICLOROBENZENE (ITALIAN)
**PEER REVIEWED**
EVOLA
**PEER REVIEWED**
NCI-C54955
**PEER REVIEWED**
Caswell No 632
**PEER REVIEWED**
PARADI
**PEER REVIEWED**
PARADICHLOROBENZENE
**PEER REVIEWED**
Paradichlorobenzol
**PEER REVIEWED**
PARADOW
**PEER REVIEWED**
PARAMOTH
**PEER REVIEWED**
PARAZENE
**PEER REVIEWED**
PDB
**PEER REVIEWED**
PERSIA-PERAZOL
**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 061501
**PEER REVIEWED**
SANTOCHLOR
**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
COMMERCIAL PARA-DICHLOROBENZENE IS AVAIL IN USA AS TECHNICAL GRADE LIQUID
Crystalline material pressed into various forms; solutions in volatile solvents or in
an oil suspension.
Technical grade with high purity: 100% in crystalline form and 99.92% in liquid form
(on an anhydrous basis)
IT IS ALSO AVAIL AS CRYSTALS IN SEVERAL PARTICLE SIZES CONTAINING NO DETECTABLE
IMPURITIES.
Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:
UN 1592; Dichlorobenzene, para, solid
IMO 6.1; Dichlorobenzene, para
Standard Transportation Number:
49 411 28; Dichlorobenzene, para, solid
EPA Hazardous Waste Number:
U072; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing
chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a
manufacturing chemical intermediate.
D027; A waste containing 1,4-dichlorobenzene may (or may not) be characterized a
hazardous waste following testing for the toxicity characteristics as prescribed by the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations.
RTECS Number:
NIOSH/CZ4550000
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 523
Last Revision Date: 20010808
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 9/18/1998
Update History:
Field Update on 08/08/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/16/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 02/20/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/09/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/11/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/13/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/20/1999, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/29/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/23/1999, 74 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/29/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/17/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/16/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/25/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/26/1997, 3 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/05/1997, 4 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/01/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/26/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/09/1996, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/11/1996, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/09/1996, 9 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/19/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/08/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/29/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/16/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/18/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/21/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/26/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/22/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/05/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/05/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/02/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/10/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/04/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/13/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/04/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/03/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/01/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/26/1991, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/23/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 05/18/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/16/1990, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/06/1990, 5 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 03/06/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/15/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/11/1990, 4 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/05/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/03/1989, 89 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/03/1987
Record Length: 197346