GERANIOLCASRN

GERANIOL
CASRN: 106-24-1
For other data, click on the Table of Contents

Human Health Effects:

Human Toxicity Excerpts:

SEE OIL OF CITRONELLA... VOMITING, SHOCK, CYANOSIS & CONVULSIONS PRECEDED DEATH IN CHILD WHO CONSUMED UNKNOWN QUANTITY OF COMMERCIAL PREPARATION CONSISTING LARGELY OF OIL OF CITRONELLA /WHICH CONTAINS 93% GERANIOL/. GASTRIC MUCOSA WAS FOUND TO BE SEVERELY DAMAGED. /OIL OF CITRONELLA/
[Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976.,p. II-168]**PEER REVIEWED**

Minimum Fatal Dose Level:

3(?). 3= MODERATELY TOXIC: PROBABLE ORAL LETHAL DOSE (HUMAN) 0.5-5 G/KG, BETWEEN 1 OZ AND 1 PINT (OR 1 LB) FOR 70 KG PERSON (150 LB).
[Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976.,p. II-168]**PEER REVIEWED**

Emergency Medical Treatment:

EMT Copyright Disclaimer:

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The following Overview, *** LEMON GRASS OIL ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.

Life Support:

  o   This overview assumes that basic life support measures
      have been instituted.

Clinical Effects:

  SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
    o   The primary effect seen of this oil is irritation,
        especially contact or allergic dermatitis.  Systemic
        symptoms in humans are unusual.
  HEENT
    o   May be irritating to the mucous membranes of the mouth
        and throat.
  NEUROLOGIC
    o   Citral (the main constituent of lemon grass oil) may
        have a sedative effect.
  HEPATIC
    o   Citral has caused a 25% increase in liver enzyme
        activity in laboratory animals.
  DERMATOLOGIC
    o   Citral is a primary skin irritant and sensitizing agent
        in concentrations of greater than 8%.

Laboratory:

  o   There are no useful laboratory measures.

Treatment Overview:

  ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
    o   Lemon grass oil may be an aspiration risk.  Emesis is
        NOT recommended.  Gastric decontamination is probably
        not necessary for amounts less than 1 mL/kg.  For
        amounts in excess of 1 mL/kg, activated charcoal may be
        considered.
    o   ACTIVATED CHARCOAL:  Administer charcoal as slurry (240
        mL water/30 g charcoal).  Usual dose:  25 to 100 g in
        adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12
        years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
    o   SEDATION - Although CNS depression has been reported in
        both man and animals, serious coma has not yet been
        seen.  If coma ensues, respiratory support may be
        necessary.
  EYE EXPOSURE
    o   DECONTAMINATION:  Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
        amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes.  If
        irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
        persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
        facility.
  DERMAL EXPOSURE
    o   Irrigate all areas contacted by lemon grass oil with
        cool water.  Warm or hot water may increase the
        incidence and severity of dermal reactions.

Range of Toxicity:

  o   Therapeutic Dose - 500 mcg/kg is an acceptable daily
      intake for citral.
  o   A human toxic dose for citral has not been established.

[Rumack BH: POISINDEX(R) Information System. Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2001; CCIS Volume 110, edition exp November, 2001. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds):TOMES(R) Information System. Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2001; CCIS Volume 110, edition exp November, 2001.] **PEER REVIEWED**

Animal Toxicity Studies:

Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:

Pharmacology:

Minimum Fatal Dose Level:

Environmental Fate & Exposure:

Natural Pollution Sources:

/IT IS FOUND IN/...LAVENDER, JASMINE, CORIANDER, CARROT, MYRRH, EUCALYPTUS, LINALOE, LIME, MANDARIN PETITGRAIN, BERGAMOT PETITGRAIN, BERGAMOT, LEMON, ORANGE, & OTHERS.
[Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. Volume 2. Edited, translated, and revised by T.E. Furia and N. Bellanca. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1975. 215]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Standards & Regulations:

FDA Requirements:

FDA SECTION NUMBER 121.101; GRAS, SYNTHETIC FLAVOR & ADJUVANT.
[Furia, T.E. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Food Additives. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1972. 858]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chemical/Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula:

C10-H18-O
**PEER REVIEWED**

Molecular Weight:

154.24
[The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. 567]**PEER REVIEWED**

Color/Form:

COLORLESS TO PALE YELLOW
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 5th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1979. 703]**PEER REVIEWED**

OILY LIQUID
[The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. 568]**PEER REVIEWED**

Odor:

SWEET ROSE ODOR
[The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. 568]**PEER REVIEWED**

PLEASANT GERANIUM ODOR
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 5th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1979. 703]**PEER REVIEWED**

SWEET, FLORAL ODOR
[Furia, T.E. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Food Additives. 2nd ed. Volume 2. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Inc., 1980. 374]**PEER REVIEWED**

Taste:

FRUITY APPLE TASTE
[Furia, T.E. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Food Additives. 2nd ed. Volume 2. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Inc., 1980. 374]**PEER REVIEWED**

Boiling Point:

230 DEG C @ 760 MM HG
[Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979.,p. C-315]**PEER REVIEWED**

Melting Point:

LESS THAN -15 DEG C
[Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979.,p. C-315]**PEER REVIEWED**

Density/Specific Gravity:

0.8894 @ 20 DEG C
[Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979.,p. C-315]**PEER REVIEWED**

Solubilities:

PRACTICALLY INSOL IN WATER
[The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. 568]**PEER REVIEWED**

SOL IN 70% ETHANOL 1:2 AND IN MOST ORGANIC SOLVENTS
[Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. Volume 2. Edited, translated, and revised by T.E. Furia and N. Bellanca. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1975. 215]**PEER REVIEWED**

SOL IN ETHER, ACETONE
[Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979.,p. C-315]**PEER REVIEWED**

MISCIBLE WITH ALCOHOL
[The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. 567]**PEER REVIEWED**

water solubility = 100 mg/L @ 25 deg C
[Chem Inspect Test Inst; Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation Data of Existing Chemicals Based on the CSCL Japan; Published by Japan Chemical Industry Ecology-Toxicology & Information Center. ISBN 4-89074-101-1 (1992)]**QC REVIEWED**

Spectral Properties:

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.4766 @ 20 DEG C/D; MAX ABSORPTION (ALC): 215 NM (LOG E= 3.25); 238 NM (LOG E= 2.30); 325 NM SHOULDER
[Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979.,p. C-315]**PEER REVIEWED**

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.4690-1.4780 @ 20 DEG C; 1.47773 @ 20 DEG C; OPTICAL ROTATION: -2 DEG TO +2 DEG @ 0 DEG C
[Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. Volume 2. Edited, translated, and revised by T.E. Furia and N. Bellanca. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1975. 215]**PEER REVIEWED**

MAX ABSORPTION: 190-195 NM (E= 18,000)
[The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. 568]**PEER REVIEWED**

IR: 8087 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection)
[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1 659]**QC REVIEWED**

UV: 6-315 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data, Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons, New York)
[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1 659]**QC REVIEWED**

NMR: 279 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue)
[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1 659]**QC REVIEWED**

MASS: 939 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York)
[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1 659]**QC REVIEWED**

Other Chemical/Physical Properties:

SWEET, FRAGRANT ODOR, LIQUID /ACETATE/
[The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. 568]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chemical Safety & Handling:

Flash Point:

101 DEG C
[Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. Volume 2. Edited, translated, and revised by T.E. Furia and N. Bellanca. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1975. 215]**PEER REVIEWED**

Occupational Exposure Standards:

Manufacturing/Use Information:

Major Uses:

IN SOAPS & COSMETICS
[Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976.,p. II-168]**PEER REVIEWED**

PERFUMERY
[The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. 568]**PEER REVIEWED**

ATTRACTANT FOR JAPANESE BEETLE
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1981. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister, 1981.,p. C-163]**PEER REVIEWED**

Manufacturers:

Elan Chemical Co, Hq, 268 Doremus Ave, Newark, NJ 07105, (201) 344-8014
[SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1989. 646]**QC REVIEWED**

Givaudan Corp, Hq, 100 Delawanna Ave, Clifton, NJ 07014, (201) 365-8000; Chemicals Division; Production site: Clifton, NJ 07014
[SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1989. 646]**QC REVIEWED**

Hanson PLC, Hq, 100 Wood Ave S, Iselin, NJ 08830, (201) 549-7050; SCM Corp, 299 Park Ave, New York, NY 10171-0161; SCM GLIDCO Organics Group, PO Box 389, Jacksonville, FL 32201; Production sites: Brunswick, GA 31520; Foot of West 61st St, Jacksonville, FL 32208
[SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1989. 646]**QC REVIEWED**

International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc, Hq, 521 West 57th Street, New York, NY 10019, (212) 765-5500; Production site: 800 Rose Lane, Union Beach, NJ 07735
[SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1989. 646]**QC REVIEWED**

Ungerer & Co, Hq, 4 Bridgewater Lane, Lincoln Park, NJ 07035, (201) 628-0600; Chemical Division, 650 Union Blvd, Totowa, NJ 07512
[SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1989. 646]**QC REVIEWED**

Unilever United States, Inc, Hq, 390 Park Ave, New York, NY 10022, (212) 888-1260; Quest International, 400 International Dr, Mt Olive, NJ 07828; Production site: Fanny Rd, Boonton, NJ 07005
[SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1989. 646]**QC REVIEWED**

Union Camp Corp, Hq, 1600 Valley Rd, Wayne, NJ 07470, (201) 628-2000; BBA Aroma Chemicals; Production site: Jacksonville, FL 32236
[SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1989. 646]**QC REVIEWED**

Methods of Manufacturing:

ISOLATION: JACOBSEN, ANN 157, 234 (1871). ... SYNTHESIS: BURRELL ET AL, J CHEM SOC (C) 2144 (1966).
[The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. 567]**PEER REVIEWED**

BY FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION FROM...ESSENTIAL OILS RICH IN GERANIOL, OR SYNTHETICALLY FROM MYRCENE.
[Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. Volume 2. Edited, translated, and revised by T.E. Furia and N. Bellanca. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1975. 567]**PEER REVIEWED**

DERIVED CITRONELLA-FREE GRADES FROM PALMEROSA OIL & SYNTHETICALLY FROM PINENE. THESE ARE HIGHER QUALITY.
[Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 9th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1977. 410]**PEER REVIEWED**

General Manufacturing Information:

AN OLEFINIC TERPENE ALCOHOL CONSTITUTING THE CHIEF PART OF OIL OF ROSE & OIL OF PALMAROSA; ALSO FOUND IN MANY OTHER ESSENTIAL OILS SUCH AS CITRONELLA, LEMON GRASS, ETC.
[The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. 567]**PEER REVIEWED**

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS VARY FOR VARIOUS COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS, DEPENDING ON TOTAL GERANIOL CONTENT. SPECIFIC GRAVITY & REFRACTIVE INDEX MAY BE INDICATIVE OF PURITY OF THE PRODUCT.
[Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. Volume 2. Edited, translated, and revised by T.E. Furia and N. Bellanca. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1975. 215]**PEER REVIEWED**

USED IN COMPOUNDING ARTIFICIAL ATTAR OF ROSE /BUTYRATE/
[The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. 568]**PEER REVIEWED**

CONSTITUENT OF ARTIFICIAL NEROLI OIL & OF ARTIFICIAL ORANGE BLOSSOM OIL /FORMATE/
[The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976. 568]**PEER REVIEWED**

GERANIOL WAS FULLY EFFECTIVE IN CHECKING GROWTH OF BLUE MOLD (PENICILLIUM ITALICUM) IN MANDARIN ORANGES.
[ARORA R, PANDEY GN; THE APPLICATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS AND THEIR ISOLATES FOR BLUE MOLD DECAY CONTROL IN CITRUS RETICULATA BLANCO; J FOOD SCI TECHNOL 14(1) 14 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**

USEFUL IN APPLE, PEACH, STRAWBERRY, APRICOT, CITRUS SYNTHETIC FLAVORS
[Furia, T.E. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Food Additives. 2nd ed. Volume 2. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Inc., 1980. 374]**PEER REVIEWED**

REPORTED USES INCLUDE 2.1 PPM IN NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; 3.3 PPM IN ICE CREAM, ICES, ETC; 10 PPM IN CANDY; 11 PPM IN BAKED GOODS; 2.0 PPM IN GELATINS & PUDDINGS; 0.80-2.9 PPM IN CHEWING GUM; 1.0 PPM IN TOPPINGS.
[Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. Volume 2. Edited, translated, and revised by T.E. Furia and N. Bellanca. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1975. 215]**PEER REVIEWED**

WHEN TESTED IN VITRO AGAINST 6 PENICILLIUM AND 5 FUSARIUM SPECIES, GERANIOL WAS MOST EFFECTIVE IN FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITY.
[AGARWAL I, MATHELA CS; STUDY OF ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SOME TERPENOIDS; INDIAN DRUGS PHARM IND 14(5) 19 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

GERANIOL INHIBITED THE FUNGUS ASCOSPHAERA APIS, WHICH CAUSES CHALKBROOD DISEASE IN THE HONEYBEE APIS MELLIFERA
[GOCHNAUER TA ET AL; INHIBITION OF ASCOSPHAERA APIS BY CITRAL AND GERANIOL; J INVERTEBR PATHOL 34(1) 57 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

.../IT IS/ REPORTED IN MORE THAN 160 ESSENTIAL OILS: GINGER GRASS, LEMONGRASS, CEYLON & JAVA CITRONELLA, TUBEROSE, OAK MUSK, ORRIS, CHAMPACA, YLANG-YLANG, MACE, NUTMEG, SASSAFRAS, CAJENNE BOIS-DE-ROSE, ROSE, ACACIA FARNESIANA, GERANIUM, CLARY SAGE, SPIKE, LAVANDIN... ESSENTIAL OILS OF PALMAROSA & CYMBOPOGON WINTERIANUS CONTAIN HIGHEST LEVELS...(APPROX 80-95%).
[Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. Volume 2. Edited, translated, and revised by T.E. Furia and N. Bellanca. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1975. 215]**PEER REVIEWED**

GERANIOL IS COMPD IN NATURAL COCOA AROMA.
[Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. Volume 2. Edited, translated, and revised by T.E. Furia and N. Bellanca. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1975. 654]**PEER REVIEWED**

CITRONELLA GRASS FROM CEYLON CONTAINS 29-39% GERANIOL; CITRONELLA GRASS FROM JAVA CONTAINS 26-45% GERANIOL, CAMPHENE, LINALOOL, PINENE, & CINEOL.
[Merory, J. Food Flavorings: Composition, Manufacture, and Use. 2nd ed. Westport, Conn.: Avi Publishing Co., 1968. 93]**PEER REVIEWED**

FEMA NUMBER 2507
[Furia, T.E. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Food Additives. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1972. 858]**PEER REVIEWED**

Formulations/Preparations:

GRADES: STANDARD; SOAP; SYNTHETIC; FCC; EOA.
[Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 9th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1977. 410]**PEER REVIEWED**

COMMERCIAL PRODUCT CONTAINS 88% MINIMUM GERANIOL. ESTER CONTENT IS NOT MORE THAN 1% (AS GERANYL ACETATE). ALDEHYDE CONTENT IS NOT MORE THAN 1% (AS CITRONELLOL). /FROM TABLE/
[Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. Volume 2. Edited, translated, and revised by T.E. Furia and N. Bellanca. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1975. 215]**PEER REVIEWED**

Laboratory Methods:

Analytic Laboratory Methods:

PRODUCT ANALYSIS: COMMERCIAL GERANIOL CANNOT BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO ITS ALCOHOL CONTENT AS MOST OF RECURRING IMPURITIES ARE ALCOHOLIC IN NATURE (NEROL, CITRONELLOL, TETRAHYDROGERANIOL). GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES MAY BE USEFULLY EMPLOYED TO DETERMINE GERANIOL CONTENT IN PRODUCT.
[Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. Volume 2. Edited, translated, and revised by T.E. Furia and N. Bellanca. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1975. 215]**PEER REVIEWED**

THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF GUTIERREZIA SAROTHRAE (BROOMWEED) IDENTIFIED BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY--MASS SPECTROMETRY INCLUDED GERANIOL.
[MOLYNEUX RJ ET AL; CHEMISTRY OF TOXIC RANGE PLANTS: VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS OF BROOMWEED (GUTIERREZIA SAROTHRAE); J AGRIC FOOD CHEM 28(6) 1332 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Special References:

Synonyms and Identifiers:

Synonyms:

(E)-3,7-DIMETHYL-2,6-OCTADIEN-1-OL
**PEER REVIEWED**

2-TRANS-3,7-DIMETHYL-2,6-OCTADIEN-1-OL
**PEER REVIEWED**

2,6-DIMETHYL-TRANS-2,6-OCTADIEN-8-OL
**PEER REVIEWED**

3,7-DIMETHYL-TRANS-2,6-OCTADIEN-1-OL
**PEER REVIEWED**

2,6-DIMETHYL-2,6-OCTADIEN-8-OL
**PEER REVIEWED**

3,7-DIMETHYL-2,6-OCTADIEN-1-OL
**PEER REVIEWED**

TRANS-GERANIOL
**PEER REVIEWED**

GERANIOL ALCOHOL
**PEER REVIEWED**

GERANIOL EXTRA
**PEER REVIEWED**

GERANYL ALCOHOL
**PEER REVIEWED**

GUANIOL
**PEER REVIEWED**

LEMONOL
**PEER REVIEWED**

2,6-OCTADIEN-1-OL, 3,7-DIMETHYL-, (E)-
**PEER REVIEWED**

2,6-OCTADIEN-1-OL, 3,7-DIMETHYL-, TRANS-
**PEER REVIEWED**

Formulations/Preparations:

GRADES: STANDARD; SOAP; SYNTHETIC; FCC; EOA.
[Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 9th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1977. 410]**PEER REVIEWED**

RTECS Number:

NIOSH/RG5830000

Administrative Information:

Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 484
Last Revision Date: 20010808
Update History:

Field Update on 08/08/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/15/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1998, 4 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 02/25/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 10/17/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/10/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/19/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 12/21/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/03/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/02/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/01/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/13/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/10/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/16/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/29/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/14/1984

Record Length: 29785